Rural land engineering and poverty alleviation: Lessons from typical regions in China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Poverty is a key issue restricting rural sustainable development; concurrently, regional land degradation impedes agricultural development and rural...     

深度学习在煤层气测井解释中的应用研究

将常规储层测井解释方法应用于煤层气储层测井解释,其效果存在一定的折扣。为了改善传统方法在煤层气测井解释中出现的问题,将深度学习的思想引入测井解释,提出受限玻尔兹曼机的数量、受限玻尔兹曼机隐含层神经元数量、分类阈值的确定方法,利用深度信念网络进行煤层识别及煤层气含气量的预测。实验结果表明：首先,在交会图法效果不好的情况下,通过深度信念网络进行煤层识别,继而对识别结果进行适当校正,煤层识别成功率可达到90%以上;其次,经过多种方法的对比,利用深度信念网络进行煤层气含气量预测的效果,要好于BP神经网络、多元回归统计以及Langmuir方程三种方法。深度学习改进了传统的BP神经网络,具备更强的复杂函数泛化能力,适用于煤层气测井解释,并具有进一步的推广价值。     

Volcano video data characterized and classified using computer vision and machine learning algorithms

Video cameras are common at volcano observatories,but their utility is often limited during periods of crisis due to the large data volume from continuous acquisition and time requirements for manual analysis.For cameras to serve as effective monitoring tools,video frames must be synthesized into relevant time series signals and further analyzed to classify and characterize observable activity.In this study,we use computer vision and machine learning algorithms to identify periods of volcanic activity and quantify plume rise velocities from video observations.Data were collected at Villarrica Volcano,Chile from two visible band cameras located～17 km from the vent that recorded at 0.1 and 30 frames per second between February and April 2015.Over these two months,Villarrica exhibited a diverse range of eruptive activity,including a paroxysmal eruption on 3 March.Prior to and after the eruption,activity included nighttime incandescence,dark and light emissions,inactivity,and periods of cloud cover.We quantify the color and spatial extent of plume emissions using a blob detection algorithm,whose outputs are fed into a trained artificial neural network that categorizes the observable activity into five classes.Activity shifts from primarily nighttime incandescence to ash emissions following the 3 March paroxysm,which likely relates to the reemergence of the buried lava lake.Time periods exhibiting plume emissions are further analyzed using a row and column projection algorithm that identifies plume onsets and calculates apparent plume horizontal and vertical rise velocities.Plume onsets are episodic,occurring with an average period of～50 s and suggests a puffing style of degassing,which is commonly observed at Villarrica.However,the lack of clear acoustic transients in the accompanying infrasound record suggests puffing may be controlled by atmospheric effects rather than a degassing regime at the vent.Methods presented here offer a generalized toolset for volcano monitors to classify and track emission statistics at a variety of volcanoes to better monitor periods of unrest and ultimately forecast major eruptions.     

基于Siamese卷积神经网络的影像瓦片变化检测技术

针对地理信息变化较快而传统更新方式效率不高的问题,目前许多学者提出了各类变化检测的方法,但这些方法大都是基于影像数据进行试验,对影像预处理要求较高,且检测精度的稳定性较差,受数据源质量影响较大。而天地图、百度地图、谷歌地图等地图中均可免费下载各种级别的影像瓦片,因此本文提出利用天地图影像瓦片进行试验,采用Siamese卷积神经网络（SCNN）和深度学习技术,开发基于SCNN的高精度变化监测算法,以快速发现变化区域,实现地理信息变化信息检测。     

改进注意力机制的遥感地貌识别算法

对遥感地貌进行识别,近年来一直是遥感图像应用领域的研究热点。使用深度学习算法识别遥感影像具有比传统方法更高的准确率和稳健性。针对遥感影像中目标复杂度高、特征信息多等问题,本文提出了一种基于改进注意力机制的遥感图像识别算法,即将并联注意力机制（CS）和神经网络模型相结合,借助弱监督学习来辅助训练。同时采用双损失函数来缓解数据过拟合问题。试验结果表明,本文模型总精度为98.35%,Kappa系数达0.95,优于其他深度学习算法,能有效地识别出自然地貌。     

基于R-FCN_ResNet的深海冷泉区生物的识别与分布研究

针对深海冷泉生物数量多、密度大、特征低,人工识别它们的种类和数取它们的数量耗时费力且准确度低这一问题,利用残差学习块,改进了基于区域的全卷积网络算法,用以深海冷泉生物的自动识别与检测。首先,构建了一组包括5类目标生物的深海冷泉生物图像目标检测数据集;然后,在TensorFlow框架下对比了R-FCN_ResNet、Faster R-CNN和SSD_MobileNet三种典型的卷积神经网络算法。从训练耗损时间、平均检测速度、平均置信度三方面权衡,突出了R-FCN_ResNet模型的优势;最后,将测试集图片输入至该模型中检测深海冷泉生物的种类和数量,并且以此复现了生物的分布情况。实验证明,所提方法结合本文数据集进行的深海冷泉生物识别与分布研究,是有效可行的,且具有较高的目标分类和定位准确率。     

Maintaining accurate,current, rural road network data: An extraction and updating routine using RapidEye,participatory GIS and deep learning

Accurate and current road network data is fundamental to land management and emergency response, yet challenging to produce for unpaved roads in rural and forested regions using traditional cartographic approaches. Automatic extraction of roads from satellite imagery using deep learning is a promising alternative gaining increasing attention, however most efforts have focused on urban paved roads and used very high spatial resolution imagery, which is less frequently available for rural regions. Additionally, road extraction routines still struggle to produce a fully-connected, vectorized road network. In this study covering a large forested area in Western Canada, we developed and evaluated a routine to automatically extract unpaved road pixels using a convolutional neural network (CNN), and then used the CNN outputs to update a pre-existing government road network and evaluate if and how it would change. To cover the large spatial extent mapped in this study, we trained the routine using moderately high-resolution satellite imagery from the RapidEye constellation and a ground-truth dataset collected with smartphones by organizations already operating and driving in the region. Performance of the road extraction was comparable to results achieved by others using very high-resolution imagery; recall accuracy was 89–97%, and precision was 85–91%. Using our approach to update the pre-existing road network would result in both removals and additions to the network, totalling over 1250 km, or about 20 % of the roads previously in the network. We discuss how road density estimates in the study area would change using this updated network, and situate these changes within the context of ongoing efforts to conserve grizzly bears, which are listed as a Threatened species in the region. This study demonstrates the potential of remote sensing to maintain current and accurate rural road networks in dynamic forest landscapes where new road construction is prevalent, yet roads are also frequently de-activated, reclaimed or otherwise not maintained.     

Evaluations and comparisons of rule-based and machine-learning-based methods to retrieve satellite-based vegetation phenology using MODIS and USA National Phenology Network data

Vegetation phenology is a sensitive indicator that reflects the vegetation–atmosphere interactions and vegetation processes under global atmospheric changes. Fast-developing remote sensing technologies that monitor the land surface at high spatial and temporal resolutions have been widely used in vegetation phenology retrieval and analysis at a large scale. While researchers have developed many phenology retrieving methods based on remote sensing data, the relationships and differences among the phenology retrieving methods are unclear, and there is a lack of evaluation and comparison with the field phenology recoding data. In this study, we evaluated and compared eight phenology retrieving methods using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the USA National Phenology Network data from across North America. The studied phenology retrieving methods included six commonly used rule-based methods (i.e., amplitude threshold, the first-order derivative, the second-order derivative, the third-order derivative, the relative change curvature, and the curvature change rate) and two newly developed machine learning methods (i.e., neural network and random forest). At the large scale, the start of the season (SOS) values, derived by all methods, had similar spatial distributions; however, the retrieved values had large uncertainties in each pixel, and the end of the season (EOS) inverted values were largely different among methods. At the site scale, the SOS and EOS values extracted by the rule-based methods all had significant positive correlations with the field phenology observations. Among the rule-based methods, the amplitude threshold method performed the best. The machine learning methods outperformed the rule-based methods in terms of retrieving the SOS when assessed using the field observations. Our study highlighted that there were large differences among the methods in retrieving the vegetation phenology from satellite data and that researchers must be cautious in selecting an appropriate method for analyzing the satellite-retrieved phenology. Our results also demonstrated the importance of field phenology observations and the usefulness of the machine learning methods in understanding the satellite-based land surface phenology. These findings provide a valuable reference for the future development of global and regional phenology products.     

Assessing the benefit of satellite-based Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence in crop yield prediction

Large-scale crop yield prediction is critical for early warning of food insecurity, agricultural supply chain management, and economic market. Satellite-based Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) products have revealed hot spots of photosynthesis over global croplands, such as in the U.S. Midwest. However, to what extent these satellite-based SIF products can enhance the performance of crop yield prediction when benchmarking against other existing satellite data remains unclear. Here we assessed the benefits of using three satellite-based SIF products in yield prediction for maize and soybean in the U.S. Midwest: gap-filled SIF from Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2), new SIF retrievals from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), and the coarse-resolution SIF retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2). The yield prediction performances of using SIF data were benchmarked with those using satellite-based vegetation indices (VIs), including normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), and land surface temperature (LST). Five machine-learning algorithms were used to build yield prediction models with both remote-sensing-only and climate-remote-sensing-combined variables. We found that high-resolution SIF products from OCO-2 and TROPOMI outperformed coarse-resolution GOME-2 SIF product in crop yield prediction. Using high-resolution SIF products gave the best forward predictions for both maize and soybean yields in 2018, indicating the great potential of using satellite-based high-resolution SIF products for crop yield prediction. However, using currently available high-resolution SIF products did not guarantee consistently better yield prediction performances than using other satellite-based remote sensing variables in all the evaluated cases. The relative performances of using different remote sensing variables in yield prediction depended on crop types (maize or soybean), out-of-sample testing methods (five-fold-cross-validation or forward), and record length of training data. We also found that using NIRv could generally lead to better yield prediction performance than using NDVI, EVI, or LST, and using NIRv could achieve similar or even better yield prediction performance than using OCO-2 or TROPOMI SIF products. We concluded that satellite-based SIF products could be beneficial in crop yield prediction with more high-resolution and good-quality SIF products accumulated in the future.     

采用双注意力机制Deeplabv3+算法的遥感影像语义分割

针对DeepLabv3+网络在遥感影像上呈现出拟合速度慢,边缘目标分割不精确,大尺度目标分割类内不一致、存在孔洞等缺陷,提出在该网络中引入双注意力机制模块（Dual Attention Mechanism Module, DAMM）,设计并实现了将DAMM结构与ASPP（Atous Spatial Pyramid Pooling）层串联或并联的2种不同连接方式网络模型 ,串联连接方式中先将特征图送入DAMM后,再经过ASPP结构;并联连接方式中将双注意力机制层与ASPP层并行连接,网络并行处理主干网提取特征图,再融合两层处理特征信息。将改进的2种方法通过INRIA Aerial Image高分辨率遥感影像数据集验 证,结果表明,串联或并联方式2种网络都能有效改善Deeplabv3+的不足,并联方式网络性能更好,其对原网络缺陷改善效果更明显,并在测试数据集上mIoU达到85.44%,比Deeplabv3+提高了1.8%,而串联方式网络提高了1.12%。并联结构网络更符合本文需求,其形成了一种对DeepLabv3+网络上述问题进行统一改善的方案。