Factors affecting soil respiration in reference with temperature’s role in the global scale

Soil respiration is CO₂ evolution process from soil to atmosphere, mainly produced by soil micro-organism and plant roots. It is affected not only by biological factors (vegetation, micro-organism, etc.) and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, etc.), but also more and more strongly by man-made factors. Based on literature survey, main factors affecting soil respiration were reviewed. The relationship of soil respiration to latitude and to mean annual temperature were analyzed by using the data measured from forest vegetation in the world. As a result, soil respiration rate decreased exponentially with an increase of latitude, and increased with increasing temperature. Following the relationship between soil respiration and temperature, Q₁₀ value (law of Van Hoff) was obtained as 1.57 in the global scale. This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China to FJY (No. 3940003).     

基于数字天顶摄影仪的地球自转参数测定方法研究

为研究利用数字天顶摄影定位方法测定地球自转参数的可行性,结合数字天顶摄影定位原理及时空基准转换差异,详细分析多台站地球自转参数测定及单台站UT1-UTC测定原理,并推导给出相关数学模型。模拟仿真及实测验证结果表明,采用目前高精度天顶摄影定位系统(精度0.05″),通过全国范围内的合理布站,可实现UT1-UTC参数±5 ms、极移参数±0.06″的测量精度。单台站UT1-UTC实测精度为5~8 ms,可满足特定军事工程需求,同时可为多台站联合解算ERP参数提供数据支撑。研究成果可为我国开展地球自转参数测定提供理论参考。     

低纬度高海拔地区BDS/GPS/GLONASS非差非组合PPP性能分析

本文在简述非差非组合理论模型以及参数估计的基础上,结合IGS/MGEX精密轨道和精密钟差等产品,对地处低纬度高海拔的云南地区进行了BDS/GPS/GLONASS系统非差非组合PPP性能分析。通过试验研究分析得出,在该地区单系统定位模式下可视卫星数为BDS>GPS>GLONASS;组合模式下,BDS系统与其他系统的可视卫星数基本都大于GPS跟GLONASS系统组合,可视卫星数依次为GRC>GC>RC>GR,PDOP值依次为GR>RC>GC>GRC。其中,组合模式下可视卫星数基本是单系统可视卫星数的2~3倍,表明在低纬度高海拔地区BDS系统的贡献大于其他两系统。多系统组合能够获得更好的卫星几何构型,较单系统有显著的优越性。在定位精度上,7种组合模式下定位精度基本能达到厘米至毫米级。     

高密度云导风资料所揭示的发展和不发展热带气旋的对流层上部环流特征

国家卫星气象中心建立了一套云导风计算的算法，自１９９７年以来，国家卫星气象中心使用该算法，利用ＧＭＳ－５卫星的数据计算出西北太平洋上的１．２５经续度网格的卫得云导风。利用这套资料，对西北太平洋带气旋发展的问题进行了研究。通过研究发现，热带气旋通常是由对流层上层的西风急流引发的，那些西风急流可能是由深入到热 的中纬度槽所引起的，在盛夏季节，吹向热带对流层上部槽（ＴＵＴＴ）赤道一侧的西风也有可能引发台     

CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ACTIVITIES VARYING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FIELDS OF MID- AND LOWER- LATITUDES

1INTRODUCTIONTropicalcyclones(tobedesignatedTChereafter)actwithsignificantlatitudinaldifference[1],someofwhichhavebeenwelldocumented.Forinstance,TCisavortexsystemthatformsandmaintainswiththesupportofsomeextentofCoriolisforce,whichisweakinareasneartheequator(southof4N)andenableslittleTCactivity[2].AsTCismainlysuppliedbylatentheating,higherSSTissuretobeadvantageoustothegenerationanddevelopmentofTC;thesummertimeSSTdecreaseswithincreasinglatitudeinthenorthwesternPacific[3],beingnear26.…     

How Large Was the Earth in the Sixteenth Century? The Length of the Degree of Latitude in the Iberian Cartography of the Renaissance

In this paper, the results of a cartometric analysis of a number of Portuguese and Spanish charts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are presented and conclusions are drawn concerning the length of the degree of latitude adopted in the Iberian nautical cartography of the Renaissance. Under the light of what we know about the navigational and charting methods of the time, a new interpretation of the textual and cartographic sources is proposed. Rather than being the result of technical considerations or precise measurements, the adoption of the various standards during this long period appears to be no more than the echoes of the traditional models of the Earth and of the political disputes between Portugal and Spain.     

天然气水合物泥浆制冷系统的野外试验研究

天然气水合物钻探取样过程中,泥浆制冷系统具有十分重要的作用。介绍了吉林大学研制的天然气水合物泥浆制冷系统的结构及工作原理。通过在西藏羌塘盆地、祁连山木里盆地和东北漠河盆地大兴安岭地区的野外应用试验,表明该套系统应用范围广,工作性能稳定可靠,可用于高海拔、高纬度的冻土带等特殊地区的水合物钻探。     

北半球中高纬度大气环流主模态的季节演变及其与北极海冰变化的联系

利用31a(1979—2009)气候月平均的海平面气压(SLP)资料,提出1种与北半球中高纬度环流转变相适应的分季法。并根据这个客观分季方法,通过SEOF分析,发现大气环流主模态的季节演变有着典型的北极涛动(AO)空间结构,其时间系数在1990年代中期发生转型。500hPa上纬向波的涡度有着南北反位相的分布特征,冬季正涡度的区域对应着气旋性环流,其覆盖范围广,而夏季正涡度区域更偏北,可见AO在冬季增强,夏季减弱。北半球SLP异常的EOF分解第一模态为北极涛动(AO),第二模态是偶极异常(DA);将这2个模态称之为北半球中高纬度大气环流异常的优势模态。通过计算优势模态与海冰面积的超前滞后相关性,发现AO依然是控制海冰变化的前期大气环流异常的模态,而DA则可能是海冰快速变化后期大气环流的主导模态。     

2011年春末夏初长江中下游地区旱涝急转成因初探

选用NCEP/NCAR、NOAA、国家气候中心(NCC)提供的各要素资料及NOAA-Hysplit模型,对2011年春末夏初发生在中国长江中下游地区旱涝急转的降水异常事件及其影响机制进行初步分析,并建立天气学概念模型.结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区,尤其是(27°N～～32°N,l10°E～120°E)区域在6月第1候...