Azimuthal Variations of the Convective-scale Structure in a Simulated Tropical Cyclone Principal Rainband

Previous numerical simulations have focused mainly on the mesoscale structure of the principal rainband in tropical cyclones with a relatively coarse model resolution. In this study, the principal rainband was simulated in a semi-idealized experiment at a horizontal grid spacing of 1/9 km and its convective-scale structure was examined by comparing the convective elements of the simulated principal rainband with previous observational studies. It is found that the convective scale structure of the simulated principal rainband is well comparable to the observation.　　The azimuthal variations of the convective scale structure were examined by dividing the simulated principal rainband into the upwind, middle and downwind portions. Some new features are found in the simulated principal rainband. First, the overturning updraft contains small-scale rolls aligned along the inward side of the outward-leaning reflectivity tower in the middle portion. Second, the inner-edge downdraft is combined with a branch of inflow from the upper levels in middle and downwind portions, carrying upper-level dry air to the region between the overturning updrafts and eyewall, and the intrusion of the upper-level dry air further limits the altitude of the overturning updrafts in the middle and downwind portions of the principal rainband. Third, from the middle to downwind portions, the strength of the secondary horizontal wind maximum is gradually replaced by a low-level maximum of the tangential wind collocated with the low-level downdraft.     

吕宋海峡西部深海盆内孤立波潜标观测研究

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.     

2012年6月26～29日宁夏强降水成因

利用常规资料及中尺度区域自动站观测资料、FY-2E 红外卫星云图、多普勒雷达、ECMWF等资料,对2012年6月26～29日宁夏北部和南部山区持续强降水过程作了较深入细致的天气动力学对比分析。得出：强降雨起止时间及落区出现在700 hPa切变线右侧与700 hPa南风风速辐合区左侧的区域内,同时宁夏持续强降雨落区出现在低层水汽辐合、低层正涡度辐合及高层负涡度辐散、持续上升运动区、-48℃＜TBB＜-20℃云团区和回波强度为25～45 dBZ的重叠区内;重叠区内关键物理量中心值越大,雨强越强,雨强最强时段往往是关键物理量大值中心叠加的时段。     

1981–2010年中国散射光合有效辐射的估算及时空特征(英文)

Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) is the energy source of plant photosynthesis, and the diffuse component can enhance canopy light use efficiency, thereby increasing the carbon uptake. Therefore, diffuse PAR is an important driving factor of ecosystem productivity models. In this study, we estimated the diffuse PAR of over 700 meteorological sites in China from 1981 to 2010 using an empirical model based on observational data from Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN) and China Meteorology Administration. Then we derived the spatial data set of 10 km monthly diffuse PAR using ANUSPLIN software, and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of diffuse PAR through GIS and trend analysis techniques. The results showed that:(1) The spatial patterns of annual average diffuse PAR during 1981–2010 are heterogeneous across China, lower in the northeast and higher in the west and south. The nationwide average value for 30 years ranges from 6.66 mol m-2 d-1 to 15.27 mol m-2 d-1, and the value in summer is the biggest while the value in winter is the smallest.(2) There is an evident increasing trend of annual diffuse PAR during recent 30 years, with the increasing amplitude at 0.03 mol m-2 d-1/10a. But a significant declining trend is shown in the first 10 years, and obvious anomalies can be seen in 1982, 1983, 1991 and 1992. And there is a downtrend in spring and an uptrend in all the other seasons.(3) The spatial distribution of temporal variation rates of diffuse PAR is inhomogeneous across the country, generally decreasing in the north and increasing in the south.     

夏季索马里越赤道气流垂直结构的年代际变化

基于1950—2010年美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）再分析月平均资料、哈得来中心月平均海温资料,定义夏季索马里越赤道气流（简称SMJ）垂直结构指数VS₁和VS₂,分别表征索马里越赤道气流全区一致、上下反相两种分布型。接着利用合成分析、奇异值分解方法探讨夏季索马里越赤道气流垂直结构的年代际变化,寻找可能影响其变化的环流因子和海温信号,并进一步分析垂直结构与亚洲夏季风活动的年代际关系,主要结论如下：（1）两个指数在年代际尺度上的阶段性变化特征十分显著,VS₁在20世纪80年代中期发生由负转正的年代际变化;VS₂在70年代初和90年代中期分别发生由负转正、由正转负的年代际变化。（2）合成分析表明,VS₁和VS₂的年代际变化与同期大气环流联系紧密,南极涛动可能是影响VS₁年代际变化的一个重要因子。（3）印度洋海温变化可能对夏季索马里越赤道气流两类垂直结构的年代际变化起调控指示作用。VS₁的年代际变化与夏季全印度洋海温增暖的趋势是一致的,VS₂与夏季南印度洋偶极型振荡事件关系显著。（4）高VS₁年代里,印度半岛至中南半岛夏季风偏弱,纬向水汽供应减少,降水偏少,东亚夏季风亦偏弱,使得华北地区纬向和经向水汽输送均偏弱,同时水汽辐合减弱,华北地区偏旱,而在江南地区由于水汽辐合,降水偏多;反之亦然。高VS₂年代,东亚季风区内中国西南、华南地区夏季风减弱,使得经向和纬向水汽输送均偏弱,水汽供应减少,因此华南、西南地区偏旱,日本地区夏季风偏弱,西风水汽输送亦偏弱,降水亦偏少,反之亦然。     

Application of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation to Targeted Observation Studies of the Atmosphere and Ocean

This paper reviews progress in the application of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation to targeted observation studies of the atmosphere and ocean in recent years, with a focus on the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）, Kuroshio path variations, and blocking events. Through studying the optimal precursor （OPR） and optimally growing initial error （OGE） of the occurrence of the above events, the similarity and localization features of OPR and OGE spatial structures have been found for each event. Ideal hindcasting experiments have shown that, if initial errors are reduced in the areas with the largest amplitude for the OPR and OGE for ENSO and Kuroshio path variations, the forecast skill of the model for these events is significantly improved. Due to the similarity between patterns of the OPR and OGE, additional observations implemented in the same sensitive region would help to not only capture the precursors, but also reduce the initial errors in the predictions, greatly increasing the forecast abilities. The similarity and localization of the spatial structures of the OPR and OGE during the onset of blocking events have also been investigated, but their application to targeted observation requires further study.     

青藏高原不同季节地表温度变化特征分析

基于欧洲中尺度气象预报中心(ECMWF)提供的ERA-Interim地表温度,利用经验正交函数(EOF)等方法,分析了青藏高原四季地表温度的时空变化特征.结果发现:青藏高原春、夏、冬季地表温度变化以整体型为主,并且大部地区地表温度呈现升高的趋势;秋季地表温度略有下降趋势,并且以东部和西部地表温度的反向型异常变化最为显著.此外还发现,青藏高原不同季节地表温度的异常变化具有一定的联系,其中整体型变化可以持续3个季节.     

南海西部海流和温度长期定点观测分析

对处于南海西边界位置(11°49.930′N,110°00.20′E),深度为636m的观测点,2006年4月27日~2007年7月7日的海流和温度连续观测资料进行分析,得到以下结论:(1)观测期间温度具有明显的季节变化和日变化,平均值为7.4℃。(2)海流能量主要集中在南北方向上,具有显著的年变化。2006年5~6月,2006年8~11月及2007年1月北向流速占优,其他月份南向流速占优。(3)长期海流资料的调和分析表明,该海区潮汐类型属不规则全日潮;显著分潮为Sa、O1、K1和M2,潮流椭圆均作逆时针旋转,其中Sa和O1往复特性较强。Sa和K1分潮长轴与等深线平行,指向南北方向;而M2分潮长轴基本与等深线垂直;O1分潮长轴则指向西北-东南方向。(4)对逐月海流资料分别进行调和分析,得出O1和K1顺时针旋转的结果;该海区全日潮最显著,主要分潮的潮流椭圆要素随时间变化明显。(5)观测期间,观测海域多发中尺度涡:2006年6月15~29日观测点,东北方向的暖涡逐渐减弱并接近观测点,导致了日平均温度逐渐升高和余流V分量由强渐弱的变化特征。2006年12月12~19日观测点东侧发展了一个准静止冷涡,垂向范围300~800m,由于观测点处于冷涡的边缘,造成了温度变化平稳、海流V分量的南向流动随着涡的削弱而明显减小的变化特征。     

中国冬季极端低温事件的多尺度特征

利用1961—2010年中国487站逐日气温资料,以35°N为界分北方区域和南方区域研究中国冬季极端低温事件的多尺度变化特征。研究表明:南、北方区域极端低温站点发生率呈现出准双周的气候季节内振荡,南、北方区域冬季极端低温频数和强度的长期变化一致,均呈减小趋势,频数和强度的趋势变化分别为-0.247d/10a(北方)、-0.352d/10a(南方)和-0.332℃/10a(北方)、-0.467℃/10a(南方),南方区域减小更迅速。北方区域极端低温频数和强度的年际和年代际变化信号强度相当,南方区域则以年际变化为主。进一步研究表明,当极端低温频数的线性趋势由正值变为负值,相应的大气环流由北极涛动负位相变为正位相。对年际变化分量(8a),北方区域极端低温事件偏多时,海平面气压场表现为2波的定常波结构,西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压增强,对流层中层贝加尔湖槽加强;南方区域极端低温事件偏多时,海平面气压表现为偶极子型的1波结构,欧亚大陆和大西洋为正距平,北美大陆和太平洋为负距平,对流层中层东亚大槽加强南伸。对年代际变化分量(≥8a),大气环流形势都表现为北极涛动负位相,南方区域不显著。     

Analysis of seasonal variation of water masses in East China Sea

Seasonal variations of water masses in the East China Sea （ECS） and adjacent areas are investigated, based on historical data of temperature and salinity （T-S）. Dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms that affect seasonal variations of some dominant water masses are discussed, with reference to meteorological data. In the ECS above depth 600 m, there are eight water masses in summer but only five in winter. Among these, Kuroshio Surface Water （KSW）, Kuroshio Intermediate Water （KIW）, ECS Surface Water （ECSSW）, Continental Coastal Water （CCW）, and Yellow Sea Surface Water （YSSW） exist throughout the year. Kuroshio Subsurface Water （KSSW）, ECS Deep Water （ECSDW）, and Yellow Sea Bottom Water （YSBW） are all seasonal water masses, occurring from May through October. The CCW, ECSSW and KSW all have significant seasonal variations, both in their horizontal and vertical extents and their T-S properties. Wind stress, the Kuroshio and its branch currents, and coastal currents are dynamic factors for seasonal variation in spatial extent of the CCW, KSW, and ECSSW, whereas sea surface heat and freshwater fluxes are thermodynamic factors for seasonal variations of T-S properties and thickness of these water masses. In addition, the CCW is affected by river runoff and ECSSW by the CCW and KSW.