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211.
K. Blümel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(2):183-218
By means of the algorithm presented in Part I of this study, the temporal course H(t) and the daily mean H of the sensible heat flux H can be determined from measurements of the thermodynamic surface temperature (as a function of time) and from a one-time-of-day air temperature observation. Inaddition to these temperatures, one needs estimates of daily mean wind speed,of the roughness lengths of momentum and heat transfer, and of the displacementheight. In Part I, the algorithm was derived for areas with homogeneous surfaces,i.e., with uniform surface temperature, and the method was verified with measurements taken during several field campaigns. The root mean square error for the temperature difference between surface and air, in the comparison between measurement and model, amounted to one or two kelvin, and the error of H was 10 to 25 per cent. The method can be used to determine the sensible heat flux from measurements of surface temperatures by satellites, but can also be applied to ground based measurements.In Part II, the procedure is generalized for areas that consist of various surface types (sub-regions) with different surface temperatures, and can be usedwhen only a few (at least one) air temperature measurements per day are available over only one of the different sub-regions. This generalization should allow improvements to the estimates for H(t) by means of temperature measurements from, e.g., NOAA/AVHRR or LANDSAT/TM, taking into account the heterogeneity of the area contained in one METEOSAT pixel. Criteria are given as to whether effective (areal mean) surface temperatures and roughness lengths may be used for the computation of H or if the above mentioned generalized procedure has to be applied. The new algorithm is verified by measurements sampled during the field campaigns EFEDA 91 (Spain) and HIBE 89 (Hildesheimer Börde in Germany), and by using synthetic data (due to the lack of measured data) for one further combined surfacetype [soil and water (lakes)]. 相似文献
212.
In this study, turbulent heat flux data from two sites within the Baltic Sea are compared with estimates from two models. The main focus is on the latent heat flux. The measuring sites are located on small islands close to the islands of Bornholm and Gotland. Both sites have a wide wind direction sector with undisturbed over-water fetch. Mean parameters and direct fluxes were measured on masts during May to December 1998.The two models used in this study are the regional-scale atmospheric model HIRLAM and the ocean model PROBE-Baltic. It is shown that both models overestimate the sensible and latent heat fluxes. The overestimation can, to a large extent, be explained by errors in the air-water temperature and humidity differences. From comparing observed and modelled data, the estimated 8-month mean errors in temperature and humidity are up to 1 °C and 1 g kg-1, respectively. The mean errors in the sensible and latent heat fluxes for the same period are approximately 15 and 30 W m-2, respectively.Bulk transfer coefficients used for calculating heat and humidity fluxes at the surface were shown to agree rather well with the measurements, at least for the unstable data. For stable stratification, the scatter in data is generally large, and it appears that the bulk formulation chosen overestimates turbulent heat fluxes. 相似文献
213.
对中国大陆壳体的放射性生热元素丰度的大地热流检验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文作者据《中国大陆壳体的区域元素丰度》一文给出的壳体放射性生热元素铀、钍、钾的丰度,计算出中国大陆三个主要壳体的平均热流值,将其与实测大地热流平均值进行对比。结果表明计算值不满足实测大地热流值的约束,这意味着该文给出的铀、钍、钾的丰度值偏高。我们认为,根据区域地震剖面地震波速推断岩性,再利用出露地表的相应岩石的成分估计地壳或地幔放射性生热元素丰度的方法,缺乏十分可靠的理论或实验基础。同时该文给出的中国大陆壳体的其他强不相容元素的丰度值是否可靠也值得商榷。 相似文献
214.
215.
Refraction effects of optical beams are generally caused by an inhomogeneous propagation medium and are a major source of systematic errors in the precise optical determination of angles and distances in the atmospheric surface layer. In this contribution a method for deriving vertical temperature and refractive index gradients from optical scintillation is presented. Knowledge of these gradients is required for the compensation of atmospherically induced errors for highly precise terrestrial geodetic measurements, like direct transfer and levelling. The advantage of the present optical method is, that temperature and refractive index gradients can be derived as line-averaged values over the propagation path, which is not possible by meteorological point measurements. Field observations have been carried out with a displaced-beam scintillometer over flat terrain and under different atmospheric conditions in order to verify this method. The experiments show, that this method allows to derive accurate correction values for precise terrestrial geodetic measurements. 相似文献
216.
The brightness temperatures of the Microwave sensor MSMR (Multichannel Scanning Microwave Radiometer) launched in May 1999
onboard Indian Oceansat-1 IRS-P4 are used to develop a direct retrieval method for latent heat flux by multivariate regression
technique. The MSMR measures the microwave radiances at 8 channels at frequencies of 6.6, 10.7, 18 and 21 GHz at both vertical
and horizontal polarizations. It is found that the surface LHF (Latent Heat Flux) is sensitive to all the channels. The coefficients
were derived using the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data of three months: July, September,
November of 1999. The NCEP daily analyzed latent heat fluxes and brightness temperatures observed by MSMR were used to derive
the coefficients. Validity of the derived coefficients was checked within situ observations over the Indian Ocean and with NCEP analyzed LHF for global points. The LHF derived directly from the MSMR brightness
temperature (Tb) yielded an accuracy of 35 watt/m2. LHF was also computed by applying bulk formula using the geophysical parameters extracted from MSMR. In this case the errors
were higher apparently due to the errors involved in derivation of the geophysical parameters. 相似文献
217.
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220.
With the marine ship observation data set obtained by three cruise-phases of Chinese Xi-angyanghong 5 from November 5,1992 to February 19,1993 in the TOGA-COARE IOP at 2°S,156°E.the sea surface fluxes at this point are estimated by three different bulk schemes.Firstly.aquasi-linear relation is found between the neutral drag coefficients and wind speed.Then,the sta-bility-dependent drag and heat transfer coefficients are solved in the iterative method.Based onthus-derived transfer coefficients,the momentum,sensible and latent heat fluxes are calculated.In the warm pool region,the fluxes corresponding to the westeily winds are much greater thanthose of the easterly trade winds.The magnitude of sea surface fluxes depends upon the atmo-spheric stability as well,in particular in the case of weak wind condition.The estimated sea sur-face net heat budget shows that considerable amount of heat transport from ocean to atmosphere ismainly produced by the effective longwave radiation,latent and sensible heat fluxes.Among themthe value of latent heat flux is the largest and the sensible heat flux is the smallest.Finally,an ac-curacy analysis is made by direct measurements with the eddy-correlation method on the JapaneseR/V Hakuho board at the same time.It is shown that the bulk-derived fluxes are acceptable withmuch confidence.The estimated effective longwave radiation is used to compare with those by di-rect observations on Xiangyanghong 5.This research is compared with TOGA investigation in thetropical western Pacific. 相似文献