Landslide Susceptibility Zoning North of Yenice (NW Turkey) by Multivariate Statistical Techniques

Dramatic effects resulting from landslides on human life and economy of many nations are observed sometimes throughout the world. Landslide inventory and susceptibility mapping studies are accepted as the first stage of landslide hazard mitigation efforts. Generally, these landslide inventory studies include identification and location of landslides. The main benefit is to provide a basis for statistical susceptibility zoning studies. In the present study, a landslide susceptibility zoning near Yenice (NW Turkey) is carried out using the factor analysis approach. The study area is approximately 64 km² and 57 landslides were identified in this area. The area is covered completely by Ulus Formation that has a flysh-like character. Slope angle, elevation, slope aspect, land-use, weathering depth and water conditions were considered as the main conditioning factors while the heavy precipitation is the main trigger for landsliding. According to the results of factor analysis, the importance weights for slope angle, land-use, elevation, dip direction, water conditions and weathering depth were determined as 45.2%, 22.4%, 12.5%, 8.8%, 8.1% and 3.0% respectively. Also, using these weights and the membership values of each conditioning factor, the membership value for landslide susceptibility was introduced. In the study area, the lowest membership value for landslide susceptibility was calculated as 0.20. Consequently, combining all results, a landslide susceptibility map was obtained. Compared with the obtained map, a great majority of the landslides (86 %) identified in the field were found to be located in susceptible and highly susceptible zones.     

西南某滑坡成因机制及稳定性评价

根据对该滑坡的变形破坏特征及形成条件分析，其属滑移-拉裂型滑坡。在漫长地质历史时期．经受诸如地震、自重应力，构造应力、卸荷变形、降雨以及地下水等内外地质作用因素，斜坡岩体沿软弱结构面发生滑移变形，随着剪裂面上的拉应力集中而产生拉裂缝，一旦破坏面贯通，则导致滑坡破坏。变形发展可能具有间歇性。通过参数反演，对滑坡的稳定性进行了定量评价。从评价结果可见，在天然及暴雨情况下．滑坡均处于稳定状态。而在考虑地震时，其稳定性迅速降低，基本处于不稳状态。因此，对该大型滑坡进行合理的评价，科学的预测就显得非常必要。结合西南某滑坡的形态、结构特征，分析滑坡的形成机制；在成因机制分析基础上．采用不平衡推力法对该滑坡天然状态及不利组合条件下的稳定性进行评价，为滑坡治理设计提供了重要的地质依据。     

RS+GCPs获取滑坡基本信息

在20多年滑坡遥感调查实践的基础上,文章介绍RS+GCPs获取滑坡基本信息的信息源、滑坡基本信息、遥感图像地面分辨率与最小可识别滑坡及不同比例尺滑坡遥感调查的关系.遥感图像是获取滑坡及其发育环境信息的最基本和最重要的信息源.目前用于滑坡调查的遥感数据可分为全色(panchromatic)、多光谱(Multispectral)和雷达(SAR)3类.据传感器又分为航摄和卫星两大类.获取地面控制点-GCPs信息源的方法主要有地形图采集GCPs、GPS现场实测GCPs以及用航片立体像对、卫星图像像对或雷达数据产生DEM.经过合格几何校正和地理位置配准的正射影像,才能作为获取数字滑坡基本信息的基础.滑坡基本信息就是滑坡要素及滑坡发育环境要素.一个发育完全的滑坡,一般具有下列要素滑坡体、滑坡周界、滑坡壁、滑坡台阶、滑坡舌、滑坡轴、滑坡鼓丘、拉张裂缝、剪切裂缝、扇形裂缝、鼓张裂缝、破裂缘、后缘洼地、滑动面、滑动带、滑坡床等.就滑坡解译而言,滑坡体和滑坡后壁两项为必要的最基本要素.产生滑坡的基本地质环境要素有①能产生滑动面的物质(地层、岩体、堆积),②使部分斜坡与山体分离的软弱结构面或带,③使与山体分离的部分斜坡可能向前运动的临空面.滑坡遥感调查还需收集及调查包括人类活动状况在内的触发因素资料.迄今,大多数滑坡遥感还是使用航片,航片的地面分辨率是由航摄胶片每毫米能区分出的最大线对数(Rh=可区分线对数/mm)、照相机镜头的分辨率及地物的反差比确定的.各类图像的最小可识别滑坡的规模-PRML除了与图像质量及地面分辨率有关以外,还与滑坡本身的类型、典型性以及与周围其它地物的反差比有关.就识别任一单要素而言,该要素在图像上应至少覆盖10 × 10个象元.由此,最小可识别的滑坡至少覆盖10×10×2个象元.不同地区不同类型滑坡的PRML是不同的.根据实践,至少覆盖1000个象元图像的滑坡体才有可能分析其各要素的特征,并进行定量分析,覆盖2000象元以上的滑坡才可能识别其要素的细部特征,所以不同比例尺滑坡遥感调查工作的详细程度不同,所需图像分辨率也不同.     

甘肃黄土台塬区农业过量灌溉引起的滑坡灾害

黄土台塬区过量农业灌溉可引起严重的滑坡灾害。其中以甘肃省永靖县黑方台提灌区的滑坡灾害最为典型。黑方台黄土台塬自20世纪60年代开始农业提水灌溉，受其独特的地质地貌控制，在灌溉水大量入渗的诱发下，滑坡灾害十分严重。主要有黄土滑坡和黄土一基岩滑坡两种类型，分别具有高速远程和低速近程滑动的特点。过量灌溉引发的滑坡灾害具有滞后性、群发性和频发性等显著特征，且在季节分布上主要集中在冻融期(3月)和雨季(7月)。实践表明，对过量灌溉引发的滑坡灾害应以预防为主，治理为辅。改变灌溉方式和采取包括工程治理措施、排水措施、生物措施在内的综合治理措施是行之有效的防治措施。     

金沙江新桥滑坡群工程地质特征及治理措施

金沙江溪洛渡水电站对外交通专用二级公路所经新桥古崩塌体(岩堆)规模巨大，形成历史久远，当地人民称其为“垮山地势”。新桥滑坡群是在新桥古崩塌体基础上形成的。由3块小滑体(E、F、G)构成的一个大型的岩堆滑坡群。每个滑坡规模不等，发育阶段不同，成因各异。新建二级公路推荐方案路线垂直于E、F、G3个滑坡主轴线，从滑坡体中上部通过。文章通过分析滑坡所处的工程地质环境，详细描述了各滑坡的工程地质特征，在定性及定量两个层次上综合评价了该滑坡群的稳定性，分析预测了工程对其可能产生的不利影响。根据该滑坡群的工程地质特征，针对性地提出了对直接威胁路线安全的E、F、G3块滑体的综合治理措施。从工程角度出发，总结了滑坡区的公路选线及治理原则。     

小浪底库区庙上北滑坡滑带土粘土矿物定向性的X射线衍射研究及其对滑坡的作用

根据小浪底库区庙上北滑坡滑带土粘土矿物的X射线衍射结果，进行定向性定量分析计算，得出滑带土粘土矿物颗粒的定向度为弱到中等定向，并以中等定向为主。因而在水的往返作用下，滑带土具一定的胀缩性及胀缩的不均匀性，再加上粘土矿物本身亦具有的胀缩性及胀缩的可逆性和循环性，故导致滑带土抗剪强度和结构强度不断降低，大大影响斜坡的稳定性。     

Landslide incidence zonation in the Rio Mendoza valley,Mendoza Province,Argentina

This paper presents a landslide incidence zonation map showing the percentage of underlying material involved in mass‐movement processes in the Rio Mendoza valley, Argentina. The landslide incidence zonation map was derived from an inventory map of landslides and reveals that many areas of the Rio Mendoza valley are implicated in this kind of process. A correlation has been found between the occurrence of landslides, earthquakes, and rainfall. The relation between lithology and landslides is clear: areas covered by friable sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Choiyoi Group are prone to debris ?ows and complex landslides. The slope map has been ranked and a general relation between slope and type of event is shown. Falls commonly develop in high‐angle slopes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of intense rainfall on the activity of large-scale crystalline schist landslides in Shikoku Island, Japan

Many large landslides in the crystalline schist region of Shikoku Island, Japan, are susceptible to intense rainfall. Through the use of on-site monitoring systems, the activity of landslides and their meteorological triggers can be assessed. Continuous high-intensity rainfall was found to play a key role in provoking landslide movement. This paper investigates the influence of intense rainfall on the activity of crystalline schist landslides by examining rainfall and displacement of four typical landslides. By defining and calculating the effective rainfall and the relative landslide displacement, the relationship between intense rainfall and rainfall-induced landslide movement was analysed. Results indicate that the intense rainfall-induced landslide movement can be correlated with the effective rainfall. From these results, two rainfall thresholds were identified for the landslide risk management of Shikoku Island.     

采用本底因子贡献率法的三峡库区滑坡危险度区划

在不考虑触发因素的情况下对滑坡本底因子定量化处理,分析与滑坡发育的关系,进行滑坡本底因子危险度区划。采集参加区划的本底因子包括地层岩性(U_1)、坡度(U_2)、坡形(U_3)、高差(U_4)、坡向(U_5)共五种。通过危险度区划,研究区约4650 km~2中,极高危险度区57．44 km~2,高危险度区2 305．15 km~2,中危险度区1241．6 km~2,低危险度区1045．31 km~2。采用的方法：①数据库反演统计；②贡献率与权重分析；③危险度模糊判别。     

长江上游侵蚀、滑坡和泥石流典型区土体特性及微形态学研究

长江上游地区的侵蚀、滑坡和泥石流发生普遍而严重。选择典型区对侵蚀、滑坡和泥石流土体的微形态及与之紧密相关的土性进行比较研究,有重要意义。在贡嘎山东坡、川中丘陵盐亭、三峡库区云阳、云南东川蒋家沟分别采集代表性侵蚀、滑坡和泥石流土体剖面进行了研究。主要取得下述研究结果：(1)不同侵蚀强度的研究区土体特性有所不同,但共同特征是发育浅、颗粒粗、易分散等,有利于侵蚀形成；也相应形成一些侵蚀土体的微形态特征,如粗骨颗粒聚积状微形态、细土物质微区淋蚀现象、埋藏土层微形态特征等。(2)在滑坡土体,发现一些有利于滑坡形成的土体特性和微形态特征,如骨骼颗粒细化和蚀圆化、吸水性强的指纹状微结构等。在滑塌面上形成特殊的土体微形态,如拉张微裂隙、强光性定向粘粒集合体、玻璃质形成物、铁锰分离物等。(3)泥石流土体土性特殊,并形成了一些特殊的土体微形态特征,如湖泥状基质、骨骼颗粒泥质包裹体、错断微裂隙等。结果表明：在不同的环境条件下,三类土体的土性和土体微形态也有异同。对侵蚀、滑坡和泥石流的形成机制、活动性等都有一定的诊断意义。