喀斯特和非喀斯特区农业景观格局变化及生态 系统服务价值变化对比——以广西全州县为例

选取广西壮族自治区典型喀斯特丘陵盆地——全州县为研究区,根据景观格局和生态系统服务价值相关理论,采用2005、2010和2015年TM遥感影像的解译结果及社会经济统计数据,借助ArcGIS和Fragstats软件,对比分析了2005―2015年全州县喀斯特区和非喀斯特区的农业景观格局和生态系统服务价值变化,结果显示：1）2005―2015年间全州县农业景观格局发生明显变化,但喀斯特区和非喀斯特区优势景观类型均未发生变化。2）10年间农业景观用地面积喀斯特区减少了472.23 hm2,非喀斯特区减少了476.28 hm2,但喀斯特区的减少率高于非喀斯特区;喀斯特区比非喀斯特区景观更加破碎,斑块形状更加分散、复杂,景观异质程度更高。3）研究期内喀斯特区生态系统服务价值减少0.01亿元,非喀斯特区生态系统服务价值增加0.04亿元。其中,有林地的减少对2个区域生态系统服务价值减少的贡献率均为最大,喀斯特区达到78%,非喀斯特区达到83%,水域景观的增加导致2个区域生态系统服务价值增加。     

The topological viewshed: embedding topological pointers into digital terrain models to improve GIS capability for visual landscape analysis

The effort to develop a Digital Earth has made dramatic progress in terms of visualisation and visual data integration for use-cases which demand semantically rich analysis. To provide this analysis and ensure legitimate representations of the spatial data from which visualisation are derived, it is necessary to provide more comprehensive analytical capabilities of the view. Questions of aesthetic valuation of landscape require a richer analytical response than simply ‘whether and possibly how much of’ an object or area of land can be seen. It requires interrogation of the scene as it appears and to distinguish between transient visual effects and those locally invariant to view point change. This paper explores a data structure to support scene analytics. As such, it first reviews the existing techniques from the fields of GIS and computer graphics as to their potential and limitations in providing a qualitatively more nuanced visual analysis. It then introduces a new method of encoding visually apparent relationships into terrain models. A prototype implementation is presented based on the Quad-Edge Triangular Irregular Network, though it is believed that raster or vector implementation would be possible. Although developed primarily with landscape analysis in mind, the method could have wider applicability.     

Spatial variation of wetlands and flux of dissolved organic carbon in boreal headwater streams

In order to investigate the relation between water chemistry and functional landscape elements, spatial data sets of characteristics for 68 small (0·2–1·5 km²) boreal forest catchments in western central Sweden were analysed in a geographical information system (GIS). The geographic data used were extracted from official topographic maps. Water sampled four times at different flow situations was analysed chemically. This paper focuses on one phenomenon that has an important influence on headwater quality in boreal, coniferous forest streams: generation and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It is known that wetland cover (bogs and fens) in the catchment is a major source of DOC. In this study, a comparison was made between a large number of headwater catchments with varying spatial locations and areas of wetlands. How this variation, together with a number of other spatial variables, influences the DOC flux in the streamwater was analysed by statistical methods. There were significant, but not strong, correlations between the total percentages of wetland area and DOC flux measured at a medium flow situation, but not at high flow. Neither were there any significant correlations between the percentage of wetland area connected to streams, nor the percentage of wetland area within a zone 50 m from the stream and the DOC flux. There were, however, correlations between catchment mean slope and the DOC flux in all but one flow situations. This study showed that, considering geographical data retrieved from official sources, the topography of a catchment better explains the variation in DOC flux than the percentage and locations of distinct wetland areas. This emphasizes the need for high‐resolution elevation models accurate enough to reveal the sources of DOC found in headwater streams. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于XRF岩芯扫描的贵州喀斯特地区晚全新世泥炭古环境研究

文章选取发育于贵州喀斯特地区的兴义泥炭为研究对象,对钻孔上部300 cm岩芯进行高分辨率XRF连续扫描,并测定了样品含水量、色度（亮度L^*、红度a^*、黄度b^*）和碳酸盐含量。通过对Rb、Ti、Zr、Al、Si、Ca、Sr、Mg等元素含量及其比值、色度和其他代用指标的综合分析,结合主成分分析方法,探讨XRF岩芯扫描在兴义泥炭研究中使用的可行性,并进一步分析兴义泥炭化学元素的来源、指示意义及所记录的古环境演化过程。基于AMS¹⁴C测年构建的年代框架,发现：1）XRF岩芯扫描的Ca元素含量与气量法测定的碳酸盐含量具有较好的一致性。XRF岩芯扫描和分光测色计获得的L^*、b^*相关性高,尽管这两种方法获得的a^*存在差异,但其数值表现上相似性仍较高;2）晚全新世以来兴义泥炭的地球化学元素主要来源于周边碳酸盐岩风化、淋溶、随流水搬运而最终沉积到湿地的物质;3）兴义泥炭Sr/Ca比值处于高值,Si/Al、Rb/Sr比值处于低值时,气候偏干,反之则指示气候偏湿润。此外,兴义泥炭Al、Si、Ca、Sr、Mg、Rb/Sr、Si/Al、Sr/Ca的变化趋势与烧失量、腐殖化度等具有较好的一致性;4）晚全新世以来兴义地区总体上呈现出由湿润向干转变的趋势,3270~2700 cal.a B.P.由湿润持续转干,2300~1670 cal.a B.P.降水持续减少,与西南季风主控区众多古环境记录能较好地对应,并揭示了2700~2300 cal.a B.P.降水稳步增加的过程。对兴义泥炭进行XRF岩芯扫描能挖掘其蕴含的物质来源、物质变化特征等多方面信息,有助于拓展XRF岩芯扫描分析方法在泥炭沉积中的应用,并能深化对西南地区古环境演化历史的认识及丰富泥炭研究档案。

     

Road impacts on spatial patterns of land use and landscape fragmentation in three parallel rivers region, Yunnan Province, China

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.     

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Community-based Natural Resource Management in Northeast India

Community-based natural resource management in northeast India has a long history. Indigenous knowledge and adaptation are the collective information, with improvement from generation to generation. The expectation is that under community control, local expertise on biodiversity will play a significant role in natural resource management through traditional practices. This paper discusses the characteristics and application of the traditional ecological knowledge of aboriginal peoples in northeast India and its role in natural resource management. Examples are provided in two different eco-cultural landscapes, i.e., Demazong (the Buddhist eco-cultural landscape in Sikkim Himalaya) and the Apatani eco-cultural landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, which illustrate the utility value of traditional ecological knowledge in sustainable natural resource management. Both eco-cultural landscapes are indeed very complex and highly evolved systems with high levels of economic and ecological efficiencies. The paper concludes that traditional ecological knowledge systems and institutions could serve as entry points into the sustainable utilization and management of natural resources. This could be achieved through the exploration of the cultural practices of the local people and integrating useful aspects into the modern natural resource management expertise. With rapidly depleting biodiversity in the developing tropic regions, there is a greater utilization today than ever before of the value of respecting the "Sacred" as a tool towards better conservation of natural resources.     

Analysis on spatial difference of land use change based on physical and cultural landscape attributes

Land use changes are regarded as landscape pattern change driven by many interactive natural and social-economic factors. Different combination of physical geographical elements induced the difference of spatio-temporal pattern of land use change. There are four physical geographical regions in Mongolian Autonomou County of Qian Gorlos of Jilin Province. Based on spatial analysis and statistical analysis, we conclude that the primary pattern of land use and the tendency of land use changes are all different in four physical geographical regions. During 1987 – 1996, the dominant land use change processes were from grassland or forest to arableland, from unused land to paddy and grassland to unused land. Though land use change is mainly affected by social and economic condition in short period, the composite characters of physical geographical elements controls land use dynamic process. The relationship between land use dynamic process and the character of physical geographical units differ in different regions. Possible human impacts on land use change are explored with application of buffer areas of series distance along main roads and radius around main settlements. A few models are built to describe the relationship between land use spatial change rates and distance to road and settlements. According to our result, the relationship with the proximity to roads was a negative liner function, with the change rate decreasing rapidly when moving away from roads. Within a distance of less 7.5km from main traffic lines, land use changes occur red more. The bulk of grassland was apt to be opened up for cultivation around the settlements and the transformation from dryland to paddy occurred within the distance of 1km away from settlements. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of sciences (KZCXI - Y - 02); the Key Ninth Five-Year Plan (96 - B02 - 01); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (49901017). Biography: HUANG Fang (1971 – ), female, a native of Jilin Province, Ph. D. candidate of Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Her research interests include application of remote sensing and GIS.     

黄河三角洲人类干扰活动强度变化及其景观格局响应

本研究以湿地变化较为剧烈的黄河三角洲为研究对象,基于RS技术和GIS空间分析方法,利用人为干扰度模型,结合区域人工沟渠建设情况,从区域和局地两个尺度直观揭示人类干扰强度时空分异特征,并探究区域景观格局对人类干扰活动的响应,以期为黄河三角洲滨海湿地生态保护与人类活动调控提供决策支持。结果表明：① 1995-2015年现代黄河三角洲区域人为干扰度和人工沟渠密度均明显增加,空间分布呈现从西南部向东部、北部,自内陆向沿海的扩展趋势;② 随着人类活动强度增强,研究区自然湿地面积减少,区域景观多样性和空间异质性增加,景观整体连通性减弱,景观复杂性降低;③ 景观格局对人类干扰强度变化的响应关系呈现出地区和时间差异;人类干扰活动强度相对较低的保护区受人工沟渠建设的影响,也呈现出斑块团聚程度降低、景观多样性增加和景观复杂性降低的变化趋势;④ 人为干扰度指数和人工沟渠密度指标互为补充,互相印证,可以较为全面、客观地反映黄河三角洲地区人类干扰活动强度。     

Finnland

The forest limits of south-east Norway have expanded to higher altitudes. Two main processes are believed to cause these changes: regrowth after abandonment of human utilisation and recent climate changes. The article aims at separating the effects of these two processes on the upper forest limits and recent forest expansion. Four datasets representing 161.5 km² have been used: climate data, downscaled climate change scenario data, forest height growth, and four vegetation maps. The maps represent the years 1959 and 2001, potential natural vegetation (PNV), and a climate change scenario (CCS). The recent upper potential climatic and edaphic forest limit (UPCEFL) was used to define the potential for forest regrowth after the abandonment of human utilisation. Forest height growth and climate data were then used to analyse any supplementary effect of recent climate change. The projected future forest limits were based on the IPCC IS92a scenario for 2020–2049. The results show that raised forest limits and forest range expansion often attributed to recent climate change is rather the product of regrowth, a process that was climatically retarded from 1959 to 1995. For the period 1995–2006, the data indicate a preliminary effect of climate change escalating the regrowth and probably pushing the future forest limits to higher altitudes.     

基于RS和GIS的西双版纳土地覆被动态变化

人口增加、经济发展导致滇南热带地区西双版纳土地利用/土地覆被发生显著变化,这些变化对该区的生态环境及生物多样性保护有着重要影响。基于RS和GIS方法,通过对1976、1988和2003年三个时期遥感影像解译分析,试图了解西双版纳近27 a间土地利用/土地覆被时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,近27 a间有林地在西双版纳分布最广、占绝对优势,其中以亚热带常绿阔叶林面积最大;但在研究时段内,有林地面积不断减少、呈现破碎化,尤其是热带季节雨林、山地雨林面积减少最为明显和破碎化最为严重。相应,橡胶园、灌木林面积不断扩大并聚集成片,其中橡胶园在1988~2003年间是面积增长最快、最多的地类,其面积扩张主要来源于对热带季节雨林的砍伐。轮歇地面积在1976~1988年是所有地类中增长最快、最多的,在1988~2003年由于向橡胶园转变而大幅度减小。粗放式的刀耕火种和橡胶种植园的不断扩大是主导本区土地利用/土地覆被变化的主要因素,土地利用变化导致了本区生态环境的退化和生物多样性的丢失。