雷州半岛灯楼角热带海岸的景观生态分类

海岸景观由于其边缘效应而具有较高的生产力和生物多样性水平,尤其是本区的热带海岸景观,由于发育有我国大陆唯一的珊瑚礁而显独特。本文根据景观生态学的分类方法,将灯楼角热带海岸景观生态划分为3大类（自然景观、经营景观和人工景观）24亚类,并揭示了本区的景观生态系统的等级和景观的演变与时空分布;由陆向海方向上依次出现陆地景观、海岸景观和沿岸浅海景观,而区域自然景观的出现时间序列上,则是陆地景观、沿岸线海景观和海岸景观。     

贵州荔波县地质景观旅游资源分析与评价

荔波地层岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,且降雨量丰富,具有形成地质旅游资源优越的地理、地质及外部条件。荔波喀斯特地貌极其发育,地质景观旅游资源单体特别丰富。通过贵州省荔波县旅游资源大普查,对荔波县下属8乡镇旅游资源单体进行了全方面、全领域调查和研究,共新发现单体1 106个,其中入级单体856个,涵盖除康体养生旅游类的11个主类。优良级(三级及以上)资源单体共132个,占入级单体总量的15. 42%,主要为地文景观、建筑设施、水域风光、乡村旅游及生物景观等大类。其中地文景观及水域风光入级资源单体共计381个,占入级单体总量的44. 51%;优良级资源单体79个,占优良级单体总量的59. 85%。本文以大普查成果为基础,重点对荔波县地质景观资源单体进行综合分析和评价,为后期旅游资源开发提供实事材料和理论基础。     

Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain)

The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period ( Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.     

两个时期若尔盖高原沼泽湿地景观格局的对比研究

以若尔盖高原为研究区,选择1977年的Landsat MSS影像、2007年的Landsat TM影像和研究区90m分辨率的数字地形图为数据源,利用景观生态学方法及遥感和地理信息系统技术,对若尔盖高原1977年和2007年两个时期的沼泽湿地(包括沼泽和沼泽化草甸)景观格局进行了对比研究。结果显示,与1977年相比,2007年研究区沼泽与沼泽化草甸的面积比(沼泽面积/沼泽化草甸面积)发生了明显变化,沼泽与沼泽化草甸的面积比由1977年的1/3减少到2007年的1/7;2007年沼泽面积明显减少,其面积只占沼泽湿地总面积的13%;两个时期,研究区沼泽湿地景观都集中连片分布,聚集度均高于90;与1977年相比,2007年沼泽湿地景观的斑块数减少,景观类型趋于单一,而平均斑块面积和聚集度都在增加;研究区沼泽湿地90%以上分布在坡度小于5°的空间范围内,随着坡度的增大,沼泽湿地的退化程度显著增高;与1977年相比,2007年研究区沼泽湿地景观分布质心发生了一定的空间位移,沼泽质心向西南偏移了3.88km,沼泽化草甸质心向东北偏移了12.35km。     

农田背景下景观结构对半自然生境生物多样性的多尺度影响

以黄河下游典型农区封丘县为研究区,调查比较了农业景观中半自然生境(包括人工林、树篱和沟渠)与农田生境中植物和地表节肢动物的物种多样性,并应用广义线性模型(GLM)从不同的空间尺度分析半自然生境和农田中的物种多样性与景观变量之间的关系.结果表明:①林地植物多样性最高,且以人工林和沟渠中的植物物种相似度最高;各半自然生境中地表节肢动物的多度和物种丰富度明显高于农田,且以人工林和树篱间地表节肢动物的相似度最高.②在250 m景观范围内的景观变量能更好地解释植物多样性和地表节肢动物多样性,而树篱和沟渠在400 m景观范围上地表节肢动物的尺度效应最显著.③在250 m尺度上植物多样性与景观变量的拟合方面,在人工林和树篱生境中,散布与并列指数(IJI)和植物丰富度呈显著负相关;人工林中IJI和周长面积比(PA-RAMD)对植物香农多样性指数呈负相关;在树篱中,边缘密度(ED)、聚集度指数(AI)与植物香农多样性指数负相关显著,欧几里得最近距离(ENN_MN)与均匀度指数正相关;在沟渠中,ED、AI与植物丰富度显著负相关.④地表节肢动物与景观变量的拟合显示,在250 m景观范围上,人工林生境主要体现在多度与香农多样性指数(SHDI)和土地利用丰富度的负相关,而农田中则是多度与SHDI呈显著负相关,与ED、PARA_ MD、AI和土地利用丰富度(LUR)呈显著正相关;在400m景观范围上,树篱中,IJI与地表节肢动物的多度和丰富度呈显著正相关;沟渠生境中,只有多度与IJI和土地利用丰富度显著负相关,与SHDI显著正相关.     

自然灾害韧弹性社会的理论范式

全球环境变化和经济快速发展导致自然灾害的增加,已经成为现代人类社会最严重的环境问题之一.面对自然灾害风险防控的严峻形势,人类社会必须建设得足够强大,以应对可能发生的自然灾害风险.在提出"构筑自然灾害韧弹性社会减轻自然灾害风险"的基础上,本文重点分析韧弹性的确切涵义,通过综合灾害防御、损害恢复和应急管控,诠释自然灾害韧弹...     

传统乡村地域文化景观研究进展

传统乡村地域文化景观既是历代劳动人民的智慧结晶,也是传承地域文化的物质载体,具有重要的历史、 文化和科研价值。随着对景观文化遗产保护由局部点状斑块向区域性文脉整体保护认识的转变,相关研究日益受 到国内外更多学者的关注。本文从传统乡村地域文化景观概念与内涵阐释入手,对近20 年来国内外相关研究进展 进行了总结,认为目前的研究主要集中在乡村地域文化景观的特征、景观的变化、景观的保护三大方面,其中,在现 代经济的冲击下乡村地域文化景观的变化及相应的保护调控措施是学者们研究的重点;学者们运用历史学、地理 学、建筑学、景观生态学理论与方法,形成了多学科参与研究的良好局面,但是在研究的内容和深度方面还有待于 进一步深入。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing. Terrain Analysis and Remote Sensing . JOHN R. G. TOWNSHEND , ed. Environmental Data Use in Computer-assisted Data Handling Systems: The Results of a Survey of Applications in the Pacific Northwest States . KENNETH E. GORDON . Applied Land Use: A Spatial Approach . JOHN F. LOUNSBURY , LAWRENCE M. SOMMERS , AND EDWARD A. FERNALD , eds. The Second Battle of New Orleans: A History of the Vieux Carre Riverfront-Expressway Controversy . RICHARD O. BAUMBACH , JR. AND WILLIAM E. BORAH . Cultural Environmental Archaeology . MYRA SHACKLEY . The Immoral landscape: Female Prostitution in Western Societies . RICHARD SYMANSKI . life Among the Poor in Cairo . UNNI WIKAN , translated by Ann Henning. Women, Work and Property in Northwest India . URSULA SHARMA . The Domestication of Women: Discrimination in Developing Societies . BARBARA ROGERS Economic Optimization in Locational and Transport Analysis . A. G. WILSON , J. D. COELHO , S. M. MACGILL , H. C. W. L. WILLIAMS . New Tools for Economic Development: The Enterprise Zone, Development Bank, and RFC . GEORGE STERNLIEB AND DAVID LISTOKIN , eds. Regional Wage Inflation . R. L. MARTIN , ed. Finding A Place For Energy-Siting Coal Conversion Facilities . FRANK J. CALZONETTI WITH MARK S. ECKERT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Environmentalism. Second Edition . T. O'RIORDAN . Countryside Conservation . BRYN GREEN . Medical Spatial Diffusion: An Historical Geography of Epidemics in an Island Community . A. D. CLIFF , P. HAGGETT , J. K. ORD , AND G. R. VERSEY . Philosophy and Geographic Thought Order and Skepticism: Human Geography and the Dialectic of Science . RICHARD SZYMANSKI AND JOHN A. AGNEW . Measurement of Subjective Phenomena . D. F. JOHNSTON , ed. Conceptions of Space in Social Thought: A Geographic Perspective . ROBERT DAVID SACK . The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-five Years: 1904-1979 . PRESTON E. JAMES AND GEOFFREY J. MARTIN . The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman . GEOFFREY J. MARTIN . Physical River Basin Planning: Theory and Practice . SURANJIT K. SAHA AND CHRISTOPHER J. BARROW , eds. Soils and landforms: An Integration of Ceomorphology and Pedology . A. I. GERRARD Climatic Change and Society. Consequences of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide . WILLIAM W. KELLOGG AND ROBERT SCHWARE . Political Political Redistrictings and Geographic Theory . RICHARD L. MORRILL . Population Studies in Spanish American Population History: Dell Plain Latin American Studies NO. 8 . DAVID J. ROBINSON , ed. Population Redistribution in the Midwest . CURTIS C. ROSEMAN , ANDREW J. SOFRANKO , AND JAMES D. WILLIAMS , eds. Geographical Perspectives on the Elderly . A. M. WARNES , ed. Regional Perspective On the American South . MERLE BLACK AND JOHN SHELTON REED , eds. The Prairies and Plains: Prospects for the 80s . JOHN R. ROGGE , ed. Rural Rural Settlement in an Urban World . MICHAEL BUNCE . Social Accident at Three Mile Island: The Human Dimensions . DAVID L. SILLS , C. P. WOLF , AND VIVIEN B. SHELANSKI , eds. The American Small Town: Twentieth-Century Place Images . JOHN JAKLE . Urban A House of My Own . SUSAN LOBO . The City: Patterns and Processes in the Urban Ecosystem . CHRISTOPHER H. EXLINE , GARY L. PETERS , AND ROBERT P. LARKIN . Movement in Cities . P. W. DANIELS AND A. M. WARNES . Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society . MICHAEL DEAR AND ALLEN J. SCOT , eds.     

基于变焦数据模型的数字地图的研制

数字地图作为一种新型的地图受到人们越来越广泛的关注。数字地图包含着各种地图数据,为了在多种比例尺范围内能快速地检索地图数据,需要把地图数据分层存贮变焦。作者通过变焦数据模型原理,探讨如何建立多层存贮结构,将数字地图中的大比例尺地图数据库自动导出小比例尺图形。变焦数据模型是一种动态的数据模型, 在该模型中,图形比例尺的变化不是简单的图形尺寸的缩放,而是伴随着各个物体的细节和物体数量而增减。这种基于变焦数据模型建立的数字地图可以提高数据检索与图形表示的灵活性,减少大量不必要的用于重复获取数据而消耗的人力物力,广泛应用于各个领域。