丹霞地貌度假区景观保护利用规划——以江西叫岩度假区为例

度假区共有旅游资源8个主类,共118处资源单体,其中优良级单体18处,资源品位适中。在47个空气负离子含量测点中,浓度在700个/cm~3以上的占51.1%;空气细菌平均数仅为县城的6.2%,显示了度假区环境的优越。在评价测定的基础上,提出了景观保护利用规划的三大原则:生态化、自然化和乡土化原则;确定了四种利用方式:作为观景对象、文化熏陶、活动平台、休憩场所加以利用;阐述了综合评价的四大内容:风景质量、阀值、敏感度以及特殊价值评价;进行了三级分区保护:重点保护区、景观恢复区和适度发展区。     

湿地景观变化对水禽生境影响研究进展

湿地是自然界重要的生态系统和景观类型,具有巨大的资源潜力和环境功能,是水禽赖以生存的重要繁殖地和越冬地。几十年来,由于人类活动影响造成的湿地景观巨大变化,不仅改变了湿地景观原有的功能,而且在景观或区域水平对水禽的生存环境产生重要影响。湿地景观变化主要在湿地大面积丧失、湿地景观异质性变化和湿地景观破碎化等方面对水禽需求的生境类型和生境要素产生重要影响。我们从湿地景观变化的特征出发,概述了国内外湿地景观变化对水禽生境的影响。发现该方面的研究在研究思路方面发生了方向性的变化。随着对水禽保护的重视,研究和保护战略从过去的研究和保护物种途径转到保护物种所生存的生态系统和景观——即水禽生境的研究和保护受到高度重视;另一方面的变化是研究方法的进步。主要表现为结合野外调查,利用遥感和GIS技术研究水禽生境时空变化及其对水禽种类和种群数量的影响。最后应用累积效应的原理和方法,对深入研究的科学问题进行了展望,提出一些需要深入探讨的问题。     

毛乌素沙地全新世地层化学元素特点及其古气候意义

系统采集毛乌素沙地东、西部各一个全新世地层剖面样品作全量化学分析。根据景观地球化学特征的变化，推论一万年以来气候的变化过程：１０．５—１０ｋａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．、６—５０ｋａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．、３．５ｋａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．、２．５ｋａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．和１．５—１ｋａ，Ｂ．Ｐ．期间分别为化学风化较强，钠、钾淋失较多，而钙、镁、铝、铁、钛相对富集的相对湿润时期；夹于其间的则是化学风化较弱，钠钾相对富集，相对干燥的风化活动时期。     

Insights from Earth Sciences into Human Evolution studies: The example of prehistoric landscape use in Africa and the Levant

Fossil remains are embedded in a continually evolving landscape. Earth scientists have the methods and approaches to study the processes that shape the landscape at various temporal and spatial scales. Some of these methods can generate insights that are of potential use for researchers in other fields, such as archaeology and palaeoanthropology. Here we present two case studies to illustrate how a broader landscape perspective can provide new insights into the land use by Pliocene hominins in southern Africa, and more recently, by Palaeolithic hominins in the southern Levant. Key landscape attributes can help explain why humans, hominins and the wider animal community exploit certain types of landscapes in predictable ways. Our first case study examines how active tectonics or volcanism appears to be important in creating fertile regions with reliable water sources and complex topography. While relatively easy for agile primates such as hominins to negotiate, zones of complex topography are harder for certain predators and prey animals to traverse. In the second case study, we consider that differences in soil edaphics can exert a major control on animals by supplying or failing to supply necessary trace elements, such as selenium, copper, phosphate and potassium (Henkin et al., 1995). We show that the pattern of trace element distribution can accurately map animal movements between areas of suitable grazing. This predictability could have enabled Levantine humans to ambush megafauna during these seasonal migrations. By studying the landscape attributes around fossil site locations, Earth scientists can offer new insights and perspectives into the past, particularly on the ways in which the inhabitants would have used their landscapes.     

A voxel-based fine-scale 3D landscape pattern analysis using laser scanner point clouds

The landscape pattern metrics can quantitatively describe the characteristics of landscape pattern and are widely used in various fields of landscape ecology. Due to the lack of vertical information, 2D landscape metrics cannot delineate the vertical characteristics of landscape pattern. Based on the point clouds, a high-resolution voxel model and several voxel-based 3D landscape metrics were constructed in this study and 3D metrics calculation results were compared with that of 2D metrics. The results showed that certain quantifying difference exists between 2D and 3D landscape metrics. For landscapes with different components and spatial configurations, significant difference was disclosed between 2D and 3D landscape metrics. 3D metrics can better reflect the real spatial structure characteristics of the landscape than 2D metrics.     

Influence of the variation in rural population on farmland preservation in the rapid urbanization area of China

In the past 40 years,cultivated land has faced the continued anthropogenic inter-ference,which has become a significant issue for cultivated land preservation during rapid urbanization.The purpose of this research was to reveal the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of cultivated land and the correlation between rural population variation and farmland change in China.Fifty county-level administrative units in Zhejiang Province were selected as the study area wherein spatio-temporal evolution comparative analysis for every 5 years from 2000 to 2015 was conducted.This study used the pool method to estimate the impacts of the rural population variation,average slope,average elevation,rural residential disposable income,primary industry proportion,and road density on farmland utilization efficiency from the spatial perspective,which is represented by landscape metrics including the mean patch size,edge density,area weighted mean shape index,and area weighted mean patch fractal dimension.This study showed that the cultivated land landscape index continued to rise after 2000 and then started decreasing after 2010,indicating a reduction in human interference after 2010.The spatial variation of rural population of all county-level administrative units decreased from 2000 to 2010,and 62％of them began to increase after 2010.The regression analysis results showed that the spatial variation of rural population was significantly and negatively correlated with the cultivated land landscape while the rural residential disposable income,average slope and primary industry proportion were all sig-nificantly and positively related to the cultivated land landscape index.The results implied that the loss of the agricultural labor force and the difficulty of sloping farmlands adapting to mechanized farming were unconducive to farmland utilization efficiency improvement,and the increase in nonagricultural activities in rural areas would increase the difficulty of culti-vated land preservation.Our analysis suggests that local governments should improve the production efficiency of fragmented land or strengthen the construction control of housing and facilities in rural areas according to their regional urbanization development situation.     

近30年来苏锡常城市增长形态过程与聚散规律

基于苏锡常地区多时相遥感数据,采用缓冲区分析方法和象限分位分析方法,并结合景观格局指数,定量比较苏州、无锡、常州城市建设用地近30 a来扩展过程,研究城市空间分散-集中的规律性,揭示城市增长空间模式特征。结果表明:1979～2006年间苏锡常城镇用地面积扩展巨大,3市扩展强度指数随圈层半径变化轨迹高度一致,扩展强度峰值约10 a向外推移2 km;苏锡常城镇扩展形态均呈分散-集中交替变化,但研究中未观测到完整周期;城市外部轮廊变化差异明显,以开发区为代表的政府干预行为主导城市扩展方向。苏州城市用地扩展主要集中在东片工业园区和南部城区,无锡城市用地各向扩展相对均衡,常州城市用地扩展主要集中在北部高新技术产业区及城东工业区。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

中越北部湾红树林差异性研究

红树林是一种能够同时适应海洋和陆地的一种特殊植物种类,分布在约30°S~30°SN之间的热带、亚热带海岸和河口交界的潮间带上。红树林的分布除了受自然条件和气候的制约,还受一定程度的人为活动的干扰。本文选取了地貌、气候相似和经济发展不同的中国广西段和越南北部段的2个相邻海岸作为研究区,基于Landsat TM遥感影像,采用监督分类和人工解译的方法,获取了研究区1988、2000和2015年3个时期的红树林分布数据,并对比分析了2个岸段红树林时空转化、景观格局变化及驱动力的差异。研究表明：① 1988-2015年,中国广西段红树林面积呈增长趋势,2000年比1988年增长18%、2015年比2000年增长了75%;越南北部段先减少后增加,2000年红树林面积比1988年减少了20%,2015年比2000年增加了50%;② 红树林景观格局方面,中国广西段红树林平均斑块面积相对较小、破碎程度高,斑块形状较规则,趋近于正方形,受人为因素干扰程度较大,而越南北部段红树林斑块面积大、破碎化程度低,斑块呈带状或条状分布,受人为因素干扰的程度较小。 ③ 主要人为驱动因素方面,影响中国广西段红树林变化的主要人为驱动因素是变化的,1988-2000年以围垦建造养殖池为主,2000-2015年则以城镇用地和工矿建设为主,而越南北部段在1988-2015年一直以围垦养殖池为主。     

基于模糊集的土地利用变化自动发现方法探讨

传统的逐像素比较法忽略了地理对象的模糊性,缺乏区分噪声与真实变化信息的能力,难于处理空间数据的复杂性和不确定性。基于模糊集理论,根据邻域像元的空间位置关系确定变化的程度,并利用滑窗和景观指数表达比较不同时相遥感数据(TM、ETMI、KONOS)的分类专题图。试验结果表明,模糊集的描述更接近真实情况。