海岸地区TIBL廓线与局地海风环流的数值试验

对三次ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生前后的ＥＣＭＷＦ资料用滤波方法（带通,低通）进行分析,得到的结果清楚地表明,在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生前热带季节内振荡较强,而伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ发生,季节内振荡明显减弱,这种能量变化最明显的地区是赤道东太平洋地区;对于周期在９０天以上的热带准定常波,伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生其能量明显增加,这种增加反映最显著的区域是从大西洋往西一直到西太平洋。对中纬度（２５－３５°Ｎ）及中高纬度（４０－５０°Ｎ）地区的准定常波能量分析表明,中纬度地区的准定常波能量比低纬大,准定常波能量变化在中纬度（２５－３５°Ｎ）表现出与低纬能量变化一致的情形,即伴随着ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生,准定常波能量增加;中高纬度（４０－５０°Ｎ）只在亚洲大陆（１００－１７０°Ｅ）表现出与热带一致的能量变化。结果还显示,热带季节内振荡在低层的东传对赤道西风异常及对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的发生、发展起着很重要的作用。     

大理近地层山谷盆地湖陆风及湍流特征分析

研究湖陆风特征不仅能够为提高天气气候的预测能力奠定基础,而且对风能资源的开发利用等具有重要的实用意义。利用大理国家气候观象台近地面通量观测系统的2007年3月－2008年5月资料,采用涡动相关法等分析了大理近地层中湖陆风、峡谷风特征及形成原因和影响因素。结果表明：大理地区白天以东风和东南风为主,夜间以西风和西南风为主。进一步对湍流和湍流通量特征分析发现,大理地区白天不稳定层结多于夜间;湍流强度白天强于夜间,并且随着风速的增大而减小;湍流通量具有明显的日变化特征,热量交换形式以潜热为主。     

东南极大陆边缘地区夏季近地面层风场特征分析

本文介绍了“2007-2008国际极地年”期间在南极东部大陆边缘伊丽莎白公主地区进行的风场结构观测实验。自动气象站(Automatic Weather Station,AWS)观测数据的统计分析结果表明,夏季该地区冰盖上的近表面风场主要是由下降风控制,而沿海地区的风场则由于海陆热力学性质的差异呈现出冰盖下降风与局地海陆风交互作用的特点。个例研究表明在冰盖下降风占优时段内,伊丽莎白公主地区的近表面风场具有相当规律的日变化特征,太阳人射辐射规律的日变化是这一现象出现的根本原因。多普勒声雷达对风场垂直结构的观测表明,150 m以下的各高度水平风矢量的变化特征与近地面层风场近似一致,冰盖下降风和海陆风旺盛阶段,偏东风和偏西风的高度可达650 m之高。     

The Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study: III – Meteorological and Turbulence Modelling on Selected Days

The Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study took place inearly 1995 at Kwinana near Perth in Western Australia.The study involved surface and elevated meteorologicaland plume fumigation measurements in sea-breeze flowsnear the coast, and has yielded a comprehensive dataset that is suitable for assessing meteorological andplume dispersion models. In this paper, wesimulate the meteorology and turbulence on four casestudy days, and compare model results with thedetailed surface and aircraft measurements takenduring the study. These days had surface synopticwinds ranging from southerly to northeasterly, witheither stable or near-neutral temperature profilesover the sea.The model used was based on that developed by Hurley(Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 83, 43–73, 1997), but extended here to allow domain nesting,optional non-hydrostatic simulations, and a vegetativecanopy at the surface. The model was forced bystandard weather service synoptic data, and thesimulations have captured the essential features ofthe strong sea-breeze circulation observed on thesedays. The boundary-layer structure over the sea waspredicted to be near-neutral or stable in agreementwith the observations on the particular day. The windspeed and direction in the sea-breeze flow weregenerally predicted well, although the predictedmaximum inflow speed over the land was a little toohigh. The potential temperature was generallyover-predicted, but temperature gradients agreed well.Predicted turbulence levels in the bottom-half of thethermal internal boundary layer compared well to theobservations, but under-estimated the observations inthe in the upper half of this layer. Near-surfacemeasurements of meteorological variables werepredicted well over the entire diurnal cycle, althoughthe predicted sea-breeze onset was generally tooearly. A quantitative model evaluation for thenear-surface sites showed the model performance to bebetter than that from other studies, with Index ofAgreement (IOA) values of 0.8 (wind speed) and 0.96(temperature), compared with values of 0.5–0.6 (windspeed) and 0.33 (temperature) obtained from otherstudies.The availability of new higher resolution synopticanalyses should obviate the lack of spatial andtemporal resolution in synoptic inputs. Theincorporation of these higher resolution synopticinputs and new parameterisation schemes should improvefuture model performance.     

我国东南沿岸及复杂山地后汛期降水日变化的数值研究

利用2009~2017年7~9月福建省逐小时地面加密自动站资料和2015~2017年7~9月厦门站的探空资料,通过K均值聚类法和中尺度数值模式(WRF3.9.1.1版本)理想数值模拟,分析了我国东南沿岸及复杂山地(福建)后汛期降水日变化特征,揭示了地形热力环流以及海陆风环流在热对流降水日变化形成中的作用,探讨了环境温湿廓线及风垂直廓线对热对流降水日峰值强度和日峰值出现时间的影响。结果发现:我国东南沿岸复杂山地(福建)后汛期降水日变化受地形热力环流和海陆风环流的影响和调制,白天辐射加热在复杂山地形成的局地热力环流激发出对流降雨带,午后受海风环流的影响,对流降雨带组织发展达到峰值,之后随着地形热力环流和海风环流减弱雨带逐渐减弱。武夷山及周边复杂山地的降水日变化主要受地形热力环流的影响,在午后对流降水达到峰值,夜间减弱几近消失。理想数值试验进一步证实了我国东南沿岸复杂山地地形热力环流对对流降雨的触发以及海陆风环流在山地对流雨带组织发展中的作用,环境温湿廓线以及风垂直廓线对热对流降水日峰值强度以及日峰值出现的时间具有重要影响,其中环境温湿廓线的大气抬升凝结高度、大气可降水量、大气的对流不稳定度以及大气中低层湿度分布的不同,会影响热对流降水日峰值强度,并通过影响山地热力对流触发时间,改变热对流降水日峰值时间,而环境风垂直廓线的低层气流强度和方向、中低层垂直风切变的不同,会影响地形热力对流系统的启动、组织发展和移动等特征,进而影响热对流降水日峰值强度以及热对流降水日峰值时间。     

地表利用城市化在一次极端高温过程数值模拟中的影响

地表种类的城市化对城市区域的热力结构和局地环流都会产生巨大的影响。利用地面、高空观测资料和MODIS地表覆盖资料,使用耦合城市冠层模式(UCM)的区域中尺度数值模式(WRF),对2013年8月8日福州地区的一次极端高温天气过程进行数值模拟,研究地表利用变化对福州城市热岛效应及其对福州城市区域局地环流的影响。结果表明:地表利用的城市化使得午后城市热岛现象更加明显而夜间热岛效应呈现出减小的趋势;地表利用城市化后,中心城区的近地面风速减小,但城区与山区以及城区与海洋之间的局地热力环流明显加强,促进了山谷风和海陆风环流的发展;同时地表加热效应增强,促进了垂直运动的发展。      

海陆风研究进展与我国沿海三地海陆风主要特征

海陆风是发生在海岸附近由于海陆热力差异引起的中尺度环流,对沿海地区天气气候和环境空气质量有重要影响,本文综述海陆风研究进展与我国华南、长三角和环渤海3个不同地区海陆风的主要特征.海陆风研究可分为观测研究、理论研究、数值模拟研究.20世纪60年代以来的观测研究表明,全球高、中、低纬沿海地区都有海陆风.海陆风理论研究已从20世纪20年代力的平衡分析发展到海陆热力平衡非线性动力学解析与数值模拟相结合研究海陆风的参数化,模拟研究已逐步成为主要手段.我国华南、长三角和环渤海3个不同地区海陆风有明显差异,海风盛行和结束时间不尽相同,低纬地区海风出现较晚,甚至可持续至午夜时分.海陆风有可能造成污染物的累积,使空气质量变差,应引起沿海地区有关部门的重视.     

Characteristics of Lake Breezes and Their Impacts on Energy and Carbon Fluxes in Mountainous Areas

In mountainous lake areas, lake–land and mountain–valley breezes interact with each other, leading to an "extended lake breeze". These extended lake breezes can regulate and control energy and carbon cycles at different scales. Based on meteorological and turbulent fluxes data from an eddy covariance observation site at Erhai Lake in the Dali Basin,southwest China, characteristics of daytime and nighttime extended lake breezes and their impacts on energy and carbon dioxide exchange in 2015 are investigated. Lake breezes dominate during the daytime while, due to different prevailing circulations at night, there are two types of nighttime breezes. The mountain breeze from the Cangshan Mountain range leads to N1 type nighttime breeze events. When a cyclonic circulation forms and maintains in the southern part of Erhai Lake at night, its northern branch contributes to the formation of N2 type nighttime breeze events. The prevailing wind directions for daytime, N1, and N2 breeze events are southeast, west, and southeast, respectively. Daytime breeze events are more intense than N1 events and weaker than N2 events. During daytime breeze events, the lake breeze decreases the sensible heat flux(Hs) and carbon dioxide flux(F_{CO_2}) and increases the latent heat flux(LE). During N1 breeze events, the mountain breeze decreases Hs and LE and increases F_{CO_2}. For N2 breeze events, the southeast wind from the lake surface increases Hs and LE and decreases suppress carbon dioxide exchange.     

海风雷暴的观测分析和数值模拟研究进展

沿海地区经济相对繁荣,城市化水平较高,对天气和气候的依赖性强,突发性强对流天气所造成的灾害也会更加严重;同时沿海地区的强对流天气又与海风环流密切相关,因此沿海地区海风雷暴的研究受到了日益广泛的关注,成为了气象学和大气科学中的重要研究对象。在过去的半个多世纪中,海风雷暴的观测和模拟研究取得了大量的研究成果。本文通过对这些研究工作进行回顾和总结,系统地分析了国内外的研究现状,重点讨论了海风雷暴的结构和特征、发展演变过程、触发机制及其预报预警。最后对海风雷暴未来的研究方向进行了探讨,提出了一些有待于研究或需深入研究的问题,以利于今后更好的开展有关海风雷暴的工作,加深对其发生发展规律的认识,提高预报预警水平。     

Influence of Changes in the Prevailing Synoptic Conditions on the Response of Aerosol Characteristics to Land- and Sea-Breeze Circulations at a Coastal Station

The changes in the response of near surfaceaerosol properties to land- and sea-breezecirculations, associated with the changes in the prevailing synoptic meteorological conditions, are examined for a tropical coastal station. Aerosol properties are nearly similar in both the breeze regimes (land and sea) during seasons of marine airmass while they are distinct during seasons of continental airmass. As the prevailing winds shift from continental to marine and the ambient weather changes from winter conditions to the humid monsoon season, the submicron mode, which dominated the aerosol mass-size distribution, is largely suppressed and the dominance of the super micron mode increases. During periods of continental air mass (winter), the aerosol loading is significantly higher in the land-breeze regime, (particularly in the submicron range) but as the winds shift to marine, the loading initially becomes insensitive to the breeze regimes and later becomes higher in the sea-breeze regime, particularly in the super micron range.