光释光测年法——综述及进展

光释光(OSL)测年是对沉积物最后一次曝光(或热)事件年代的测定,其测试对象主要为石英和长石。自20世纪80年代该方法提出以来,在国内外得到了广泛的应用。但国内不少地学工作者对该技术的原理与测年方式了解十分有限,为了使应用者能更好、更全面地了解和使用这一方法,对OSL测年法及其近年来的国内外主要研究进展进行了回顾,重点对OSL测年法的基本原理、样品采集及实验室前处理过程、等效剂量(De)值的测定方式、环境剂量率的计算,以及影响测年结果可靠性的重要因素等进行了全面介绍、分析和探讨。同时,对近年来国内外关于De值测定方法与技术上的进展及已经获得较可信年龄的相关方法等进行了总结分析,并对OSL可能测年的范围和影响结果可靠性的一些潜在因素,以及对获得100ka~1Ma间的年龄新的释光信号研究方法等进行了介绍和探讨。     

基于热模拟实验的页岩孔隙连通性与形状系数演化研究及其地质意义

富有机质页岩的孔隙演化与页岩气赋存富集关系密切,孔隙连通性与形状演化特征对储集空间精细表征和页岩气赋存机理的揭示具有重要意义。本文对山东半岛北部古近系黄县组低成熟富有机质页岩不同热演化阶段的模拟产物开展低温液氮吸附和扫描电镜实验,并辅以数字图像处理技术分析页岩孔隙连通性和形状系数演化过程。结果表明：① 低成熟阶段,有机孔少量发育,无机孔主要为矿物基质孔;随热演化程度增加,大量近圆形有机孔逐渐形成,少量溶蚀孔和黏土矿物层间孔生成;到过成熟阶段,压实作用导致部分孔隙减小或消失;② 随热演化程度增加,有机孔和无机孔孔径均呈先增大后减小的趋势,孔隙形状系数均呈现近“V”型变化趋势;③ 高温高压导致样品孔隙系统第二个优势孔径峰值变大,表明孔隙系统增加了狭长 裂缝型孔隙,有助于沟通其他类型孔隙,提高孔隙系统的连通性;④ 热演化过程中生成的大量近圆形有机孔能为甲烷提供更多吸附位,生成的黏土矿物层间孔等狭缝型无机孔能够提高孔隙连通性,从而有助于提高页岩气的赋存和运移能力。本研究可为页岩气储层表征与页岩气赋存富集研究提供基础。     

道路地图示意性表达的可用性评估

当前示意性地图表达主要针对公共交通网络,缺乏对道路地图示意性表达可用性评估研究。本文选取景区和街道两个典型道路场景,采用最新的自动示意化方法生成示意地图,以主观问卷调查结合客观眼动试验的方式,评估道路地图示意性表达的可用性。试验结果表明:①示意性表达能够提升道路地图的简化度、清晰度及用户满意度,尤其对于原始道路形状较为复杂的情况;②示意地图中路径形状简化会造成不同路径感知长度差异的改变,从而影响到人们路径抉择行为;③对于路径示意性结果增加了道路网密集程度的情况,会降低示意地图认知效率。本文研究成果有助于道路地图自动示意性表达规则完善和方法优化,能够进一步提升地图示意性表达的实用性。     

On the determination of a set of material constants for a high‐cycle accumulation model for non‐cohesive soils

The paper discusses the determination of a set of constants for the high‐cycle accumulation model (HCA) proposed by the authors. The HCA model predicts permanent strains or excess pore water pressures in non‐cohesive soils due to a cyclic loading with a large number of cycles and with small to intermediate strain amplitudes. The laboratory tests necessary for the determination of the material constants and their analysis are explained in detail in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室管理信息系统的设计与实现

分析了测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室管理工作的实际需求,设计开发了一个管理信息系统,促进了实验室的管理工作。     

Factors controlling the distribution of transitional metal elements in marine hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts

A series of selective dissolution experiments were conducted on the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts collected near Line Island to study the geochemistry of Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni and Ti. Despite of the fact that the very close intergrowth between amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides and δ-MnO2 exists in the hydrogenic ferromanganese crusts, there is no isomorphous substitution between iron and manganese. This is because the two elements in oxides have different crystal chemistry and geochemistry, such assertion bein...     

肇源油田高温混合气驱油物理模拟实验研究

针对肇源油田常规开发效果差的特点,开展了高温混合气驱油物理模拟实验。采用基础管式物理模拟试验装置,分别进行了不同气汽比对比、不同大小注气段塞对比、不同温度以及地层温度注气与气水同注的高温混合气驱油室内实验。结果表明,随着混合气温度的提高,驱油效率增加,气汽比为1∶1、采用段塞驱、烟道气与水蒸汽复合同注时,驱油效果最好。     

Erosion pattern of artificial gravel deposits

Sediment replenishment with artificial gravel deposits is an option to compensate for sediment deficits in rivers and to improve their ecological conditions. Predicting and quantifying the erosion rate of an artificial gravel deposit is important to successfully perform river restoration projects. Laboratory experiments have been done to investigate the influence of various parameters on the erosion pattern of artificial gravel deposits. In the present paper the effects of deposit geometry, bulk density, grain size distribution, and hydraulic load on the erosion process are described. The temporal evolution of the deposit geometry and the corresponding mean erosion rates were studied. The mean erosion rate increases with deposit height, deposit width, and decreasing grain size. Furthermore, no significant impact of the bulk density was observed. Equations to predict the mean erosion rate are proposed. This investigation helps to determine the design frequency of gravel dumping and deposit volumes for restoration projects.     

Bed roughness and grain sorting-an experimental study over fine to medium sand beds

The relation between grain-size distribution of the bed and in suspension was critically examined under a uniform flow velocity of 50 cm/s over two beds: one of mainly fine sands and the other of medium sands. Two sections – one 2.85 m downstream and the other 6.35 m downstream in the experimental channel-were selected for sampling to study the grain-sorting pattern in the vertical direction along the direction of transport. The shape and type of the grain-size distribution pattern were critically studied with height above the bed. The change in the distribution pattern has been attributed to the change of local bed roughness causing scouring against the protruded relatively coarse grains on the bed. Such trends are important to predict the nature of river bed topography. The sand of Bed-1 initially exhibits a log-skew-Laplace distribution at different heights of suspension. The distribution pattern, however, changes but this changing pattern is not consistent along the upstream side. For Bed-2, which initially exhibits a log-normal distribution, the same pattern persists from the height of suspension at 5 cm up to 20 cm. Such consistency in log-normality is also observed at the downstream points of measurement. It is generally expected that the mean grain-size would reduce with increases of suspension height but the results of the experiments, in some occasions, differ significantly from the gradual fining upward trend. This result has been attributed to local changes of bed roughness arising from the protruded relatively coarse grains causing eddies, scouring, and turbulent phenomena which moves coarse particles higher in suspension adding a coarse tail to the distribution increasing the mean grain-size.     

Particle transport mechanics and induced seismic noise in steep flume experiments with accelerometer-embedded tracers

Recent advances in fluvial seismology have provided solid observational and theoretical evidence that near-river seismic ground motion may be used to monitor and quantify coarse sediment transport. However, inversions of sediment transport rates from seismic observations have not been fully tested against independent measurements, and thus have unknown but potentially large uncertainties. In the present study, we provide the first robust test of existing theory by conducting dedicated sediment transport experiments in a flume laboratory under fully turbulent and rough flow conditions. We monitor grain-scale physics with the use of ‘smart rocks’ that consist of accelerometers embedded into manufactured rocks, and we quantitatively link bedload mechanics and seismic observations under various prescribed flow and sediment transport conditions. From our grain-scale observations, we find that bedload grain hop times are widely distributed, with impacts being on average much more frequent than predicted by existing saltation models. Impact velocities are observed to be a linear function of average downstream cobble velocities, and both velocities show a bed-slope dependency that is not represented in existing saltation models. Incorporating these effects in an improved bedload-induced seismic noise model allows sediment flux to be inverted from seismic noise within a factor of two uncertainty. This result holds over nearly two orders of magnitude of prescribed sediment fluxes with different sediment sizes and channel-bed slopes, and particle–particle collisions observed at the highest investigated rates are found to have negligible effect on the generated seismic power. These results support the applicability of the seismic-inversion framework to mountain rivers, although further experiments remain to be conducted at sediment transport near transport capacity. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.