Implementing quality control on a random number stream to improve a stochastic weather generator

For decades, stochastic modellers have used computerized random number generators to produce random numeric sequences fitting a specified statistical distribution. Unfortunately, none of the random number generators we tested satisfactorily produced the target distribution. The result is generated distributions whose mean even diverges from the mean used to generate them, regardless of the length of run. Non‐uniform distributions from short sequences of random numbers are a major problem in stochastic climate generation, because truly uniform distributions are required to produce the intended climate parameter distributions. In order to ensure generation of a representative climate with the stochastic weather generator CLIGEN within a 30‐year run, we tested the climate output resulting from various random number generators. The resulting distributions of climate parameters showed significant departures from the target distributions in all cases. We traced this failure back to the uniform random number generators themselves. This paper proposes a quality control approach to select only those numbers that conform to the expected distribution being retained for subsequent use. The approach is based on goodness‐of‐fit analysis applied to the random numbers generated. Normally distributed deviates are further tested with confidence interval tests on their means and standard deviations. The positive effect of the new approach on the climate characteristics generated and the subsequent deterministic process‐based hydrology and soil erosion modelling are illustrated for four climatologically diverse sites. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边坡滚石运动学参数敏感性

滚石是边坡工程中一种常见的动力地质灾害.正确估算滚石运动轨迹是经济合理地进行防护结构设计的基础.滚石运动轨迹受多种参数的影响,准确把握各运动学参数对防护结构设计控制指标的敏感性,可以更加有针对性地进行滚石灾害防治工作.因此,将正交试验设计与基于运动学的滚石运动轨迹数值计算方法相结合,以景(德镇)鹰(潭)高速公路DK27+120里程附近边坡滚石灾害为例,将3类防护结构设计控制指标作为试验指标,将5种影响滚石运动轨迹的参数作为试验因素,应用正交试验表安排滚石运动轨迹数值计算试验,进行3指标5因素正交试验.通过试验结果的极差分析与方差分析,对滚石运动学参数的敏感性以及显著性进行分析和检验,确定影响防护结构设计控制指标的主要参数,为滚石灾害的防治提供科学依据.     

国土空间规划:生态环境类单幅总图的研制

生态环境类单幅总图是国土空间规划编制的重要内容,是落实生态环境空间管控,促进生态环境与社会经济协调发展,实现一张蓝图干到底的重要支撑。探讨空间规划生态单幅总图和环境单幅总图的编制要点与技术方法,并以福建省为例,研制生态环境空间战略目标、空间结构与重点任务。在案例研究中,制定了福建省“三屏、六廊、十四片区”的生态安全格局建设方案,以及空间差异化的环境管控方案,并在空间上落实了生态环境治理的重点区域和重大生态环境治理工程。通过探讨生态环境类单幅总图编制与生态环境类专项规划的关系,阐明省级规划指导市、县等下层级空间规划生态环境单幅总图编制的原则与方法,是落实空间规划对生态环境保护空间指引的创新与实践。     

中国北方沙漠化土地防治区划(纲要)

根据中国北方沙漠化土地形成发展的历史和现代过程、分布特点、发展趋势及其综合防治途径和利用开发方向等,以"保护优先,重点防治,合理利用,协调发展"作为沙漠化防治的指导方针,在考虑自然条件、沙漠化发展阶段与程度和自然条件、资源利用开发与区域可持续发展方向一致性等原则的基础上,将中国北方沙漠化土地划分为4大区22小区。为因地制宜地沙漠化土地防治提供理论依据。     

黄河下游引黄灌区水价与水资源调控*

40多年来,我国水利建设取得了巨大成就,但是,在以往的计划经济条件下,水利事业普遍存在着“重建轻管”的问题,延续至今,尚未妥善解决,从而导致一些地区水资源的极度浪费及出现不良的环境后效。水资源管理是水资源合理开发利用的基本保证,它涉及到政策、法律、体制、经济及现代科学技术,是一个跨部门、跨学科的系统工程。目前,我国在水资源管理中最突出的问题是尚未完全纳入市场经济的轨道,水价远低于供水成本,不能发挥水费征收的经济杠杆作用,遏制水资源的浪费及合理地调控地表水与地下水资源,同时,偏低的水价也使供水部门缺乏足够的资金进行工程运营与维修,造成工程老化,降低供水效率^[1].黄河下游灌区,位于豫鲁两省境内,灌溉面积约2800万亩(186.6×10⁴hm²),多年平均引水量在100×10⁸m³左右,该灌区自50年代末引黄灌溉以来,上述问题表现尤为突出。随着黄河上、中游地区的发展,用水量增加,使黄河下游灌区的用水矛盾越来越突出。此文试图以此为典型,分析供水成本的构成、现行水价确定中存在的问题及其对水资源调控的影响,供水价问题的深入研究及水价政策的制定参考。     

真空预压在沿海软土地基加固中的应用

宁波安博（北仑）港物流中心拟在海滨软土地基上建造2幢1—2层厂房。根据场地条件和土层特性,其软基采用真空预压法加固处理。施工过程中注意质量控制点的把握,精心组织施工;同时认真有效地对施工过程中和施工后对各种原位测试数据进行系统采集研究分析,结果证明,本次真空预压加固达到地基处理目标的各项要求,取得了成功。     

灵宝大湖滑坡形成机制分析及防治对策研究

论述了大湖滑坡发生和发展的地质环境背景,分析了大湖滑坡灾害发育现状及形成机制,并对其发展趋势、危害程度进行了预测;提出大湖滑坡灾害的防治,要以防为主,避让与治理相结合,工程措施与非工程措施相结合,要细致详细的防灾预案,采取必要饿防滑支挡、排水和生物等工程措施;加强对滑坡区地质环境防治管理。     

地质标准物质中痕量元素量值溯源性探讨

标准物质的特性量值应该具备溯源性。然而地质标准物质溯源性的建立往往是很困难的。对痕量元素量值溯源的若干难点进行了讨论;提出了建立标准物质研制的质量体系的建议并就相关问题进行了阐述;应重视量值的信息反馈,提高定值的质量。     

基于空间散乱点插值的曲面重构

采用最近邻点法、距离反比加权法和克里格法等空间插值方法,基于IDL语言实现插值算法,对我国西部某金属矿山坑道内,利用大功率充电法测得的163个电位数据进行曲面重构,结果表明,克里格插值方法更能够真实地反映空间数据变量(场)的分布特性,具有广泛的实用价值。     

Optimum design and application of non‐traditional tuned mass damper toward seismic response control with experimental test verification

A variant type of tuned mass damper (TMD) termed as ‘non‐traditional TMD (NTTMD)’ is recently proposed. Mainly focusing on the employment of TMD for seismic response control, especially for base‐isolated or high‐rise structures, this paper aims to derive design formulae of NTTMDs based on two methodologies with different targets. One is the fixed points theory with the performance index set as the maximum magnitude of the frequency response function of the relative displacement of the primary structure with respect to the ground acceleration, and the other is the stability maximization criterion (SMC) to make the free vibration of the primary structure decay in the minimum duration. Such optimally designed NTTMDs are compared with traditional TMDs by conducting both numerical simulations and experiments. The optimum‐designed NTTMDs are demonstrated to be more effective than the optimum‐designed traditional TMDs, with smaller stroke length required. In particular, the effectiveness of the TMDs combined with a base‐isolated structure is investigated by small‐scale model experimental tests subjected to a time scaled long period impulsive excitation, and it is demonstrated that the SMC‐based NTTMD can suppress structural free vibration responses in the minimum duration and requires much smaller accommodation space. Additionally, a small‐scale shaking table experiment on a high‐rise bending model attached with a SMC‐based NTTMD is conducted. This study indicates that NTTMD has a high potential to apply to seismic response control or retrofit of structures such as base‐isolated or central column‐integrated high‐rise structures even if only a limited space is available for accommodating TMDs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.