Moving socio-hydrologic modelling forward: unpacking hidden assumptions,values and model structure by engaging with stakeholders: reply to “What is the role of the model in socio-hydrology?”*

ABSTRACT

The arguments presented in Melsen et al. advance ideas in the “Panta Rhei” decade (2013–2022) of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, which focuses on change in hydrology and society. While we reiterate that, despite acknowledged shortcomings, the enterprise of integrating societal feedbacks into hydrological models is beneficial in prediction and adaptive management, we also agree with the sentiments of the authors. In response, we offer concrete steps the socio-hydrologic community can take to educate modellers to become aware about unconscious biases embedded in model structure and clearly communicate assumptions. We stress the need for “knowledge brokers” that can help modellers work with stakeholders, instead of doing everything themselves. We also caution, however, against the danger of over-reaching. Young scholars already pay a big price by having to master both the natural and social sciences. As coupled human–water problems increase in societal importance, along with calls for more holistic thinking, we also need to promote an academic culture that rewards reaching across the aisle.     

国内城镇开发边界研究进展的知识图谱

基于知网1996—2019年的文献数据,利用CiteSpace对中国城镇开发边界研究进行知识图谱分析,系统梳理研究动态和发展脉络。结果表明,中国开发边界研究逐渐繁荣,学者彼此间合作呈现“整体分散,局部紧密”的局面,相关研究机构合作不足,研究热点呈现多元化的态势,并受政策导向影响明显。结合国家政策法规和时区图谱,将中国开发边界研究划分为理论初探、认识深化、划定探索、划管结合4个阶段,反映了中国开发边界研究经历了从控制城市蔓延、保护耕地、保障生态安全到塑造美丽国土、控制城市形态、促进城市转型、兼顾平等发展权以及保障城市可持续发展的转变。最后从生态补偿机制、边界划定精度、多样化的管控模式、边界试行期制度、人的需求5个方面提出城镇开发边界的政策建议。     

中国城市土地利用效率及其溢出效应与影响因素

基于C-D函数剔除城市经济非期望产出构建随机生产函数模型,以地均投入产出技术效率表征城市土地利用效率,采用2003-2012年282个地级以上市面板数据测算了中国城市土地利用效率,并建立空间滞后计量模型分析了城市土地利用效率的溢出效应与影响因素的区域差异。结果表明：① 中国城市土地利用效率有所提升,且存在明显的空间特征与区域差异。空间特征显示,效率较高的城市主要集中在珠三角、湖南、湖北、河南南部、安徽东部、山东与江苏交界处。区域差异显示,中部地区城市土地利用效率最高而东北地区最低,西北地区城市土地利用效率增速最快而西南地区较低且增速最慢;② 中国城市土地利用效率存在显著为正的溢出效应,其中在中部、东北、西北地区较高,而在西南地区最低;③ 影响因素在各区域对城市土地利用效率的作用存在明显差异,有必要采取具有区域针对性的措施提升城市土地利用效率。     

Urban hierarchy of innovation capability and inter-city linkages of knowledge in post-reform China

The 2000s has witnessed increasing interests in cities′role of innovation in the era of knowledge-based economy.Compared with substantial empirical analysis on the world city hierarchy of innovation,this paper attempts to examine the national urban hierarchy of innovation capability in China,in terms of ranking systems,spatial pattern and inter-city linkages of knowledge during the post-reform period since the late 1970s.Based on quantitative analysis such as principal component factor analysis and clustering analysis,this paper identifies the five-tier hierarchy of in-novation,which is headed by Beijing and Shanghai,followed by the capital cities of each province and regional centre cities.The development of China′s urban hierarchy of innovation capability has been driven by such factors as the scale of innovation,scientific scale,innovation potential and innovation environment.The paper further investigates the inter-city linkages of knowledge measured by the number of co-authored papers among the cities.Beijing is positioned in the central position of the knowledge diffusion and knowledge cooperation innovation.More knowledge diffusion among high level cities has occurred than that among the low level cities as well as between the low level cities and high level cities,and provincial capital cities and the regional central cities.     

地震信息的失真现象分析

随着信息在社会发展中扮演着越来越重要的角色,地震信息对社会的影响也越来越明显。本文着重分析了地震信息失真传播的成因、特点以及对策,为管理地震信息提供借鉴。     

Environmental knowledge and small-scale rural landholding in south-west England

This paper explores the environmental knowledge of small-scale rural landholders and comments on the implications of this for environmental policy. The paper draws on conceptualisations of knowledge as 'know what', 'know why', 'know how' and 'know who', recognises a distinction between tacit and codified environmental knowledges and highlights the need to consider the politics of knowledge surrounding environmental issues. Both quantitative and qualitative data are reported, and are derived from structured interviews with 30 small-scale landholders who were participants in a nature and landscape conservation initiative – the Landscape Heritage Scheme – within South Devon, England. These data are used to explore the place of environmental concerns within the land management objectives of respondents; the nature and extent of their environmental knowledge; how a range of factors alongside their environmental knowledge shaped the environmental practices of respondents; and the politics of knowledge associated with the Landscape Heritage Scheme. The paper suggests that small-scale landholders should be of interest to environmental policy, prioritising environmental objectives in their land management, being relatively knowledgeable about the environment and highly responsive to environmental advice and financial incentives that support environmental management. A case is made for developing research in this area, given ongoing processes of rural demographic change and the rising importance within this of an increasingly diverse landholding population.     

SCUBA divers above the waterline: Using participatory mapping of coral reef conditions to inform reef management

Coral reefs provide important ecological services such as biodiversity, climate regulation, and cultural benefits through recreation and tourism. However, many of the world's reefs are declining, with Caribbean reefs suffering a significant decline in living corals over the past half century. This situation emphasizes the need to assess and monitor reef conditions using a variety of methods. In this study, a new method for assessing reef conditions to inform management using participatory mapping by coral reef “experts” in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) is described. Occupational SCUBA divers were recruited (n=87) to map coral reef conditions, uses, and threats (stressors) using an internet-based mapping website. The data reveal an uneven geographic distribution of reef conditions in the USVI with the most frequently mapped perceived healthy reef characteristics being: large amount of physical reef structure (n=872 markers); endangered or threatened species present (n=721); and large amount of live coral cover (n=615). The greatest perceived threats were: invasive species (n=606); water pollution (n=234); and unsustainable fishing (n=200). Areas of important reef characteristics, perceived threats to reefs, and perceived recovery potential were plotted to identify areas requiring critical management attention. The authors found that perceptions of healthy reef conditions outnumbered perceptions of reef threats for nine of the ten most familiar coral reefs; the most frequent activity type within the coral reefs was tourism diving; and for the most familiar coral reefs, the divers perceived a high recovery potential. Given the novelty of participatory mapping methods to assess coral reefs, the strengths and weaknesses of the method is evaluated. The authors further propose a management typology for categorizing reef areas to inform their future management. In the absence of primary data, or, as a supplement to underwater surveys and remotely-sensed data on reef condition, participatory mapping can provide a cost-effective means for assessing coral reef conditions while identifying place-specific reef locations requiring management attention.     

Socio-economic,operational and technical characterisation of the harvesting of gooseneck barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) in SW Portugal: Insights towards fishery co-management

The present study characterised the socio-economic, operational and technical aspects of harvesting the gooseneck barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes) along the southwestern coast of Portugal. For this purpose, face-to-face interviews were conducted with commercial harvesters of the two most representative fishery associations (covering 51% licensed harvesters) in the area of the Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina. Based on traditional ecological knowledge, this study confirmed the local importance, ancestral character and family traditions of this activity, which constitutes the exclusive occupation of nearly half of the interviewed harvesters and an important source for household incomes. In addition, data was also gathered on preferential fishing zones, harvesting effort and duration, daily catches and selling prices. The main concerns, problems and difficulties experienced in this activity relate to the excessive number of recreational harvesters, creating problems at the levels of exploitation, commercialisation, management and inspection. The study further confirms the rising interest and involvement of the commercial harvesters in enhancing the competences of the local fishery associations. In particular, local harvesters want to encourage the development of a co-management system comprising spatial-temporal measures to avoid conflicts of use over space and resources, as well as innovative marketing strategies to improve the recognition, value and traceability of the shellfish. Overall, the information gathered is most valuable for adopting an alternative approach based on the cooperation and co-responsibility at local and regional levels, involving the stakeholders in the proposal of management measures adapted to the specificities of this area, activity and resource.     

From life force to slimming aid: Exploring views on the commodification of traditional medicinal knowledge

The commodification of traditional knowledge is a lively topic for academic debate, with opinions ranging from categorical rejection of this process, to views that it could be a liberating act. This debate is often characterised by generalisations and a lack of empirical engagement. This paper presents a case study of the commercialisation of traditional medicinal knowledge of the San in Southern Africa. A scenario survey in 3 communities reveals a range of different views amongst individuals and communities, much of which could be linked to differing local and historic socio-economic factors. Although the survey indicates that commodification is widely accepted, the subsequent use of a ‘life story’ approach to examine the actual commercialisation of the Hoodia (Hoodia Gordonii—a plant with appetite suppressant properties), shows that this acceptance is problematic. San informants reflect on it as a pragmatic choice informed by experiences of deprivation and economic hardship, resulting in a process which changes the cultural meaning of the plant and undermine its traditional healing power for the San themselves.     

Method and application of comprehensive knowledge discovery

This paper proposes the principle oi comprehensive knowledge discovery. Unlike most of the current knowledge discovery methods, the com-prehensive knowledge discovery considers both the spatial relations and attributes of spatial entities or objects. We intro-duce the theory of spatial knowledge ex-pression system and some concepts inclu-ding comprehensive knowledge discovery and spatial union information table (SUIT). In theory, SUIT records all in-formation contained in the studied ob-jects, but in reality, because of the com-plexity and varieties of spatial relations,only those factors of interest to us are se-lected. In order to find out the compre-hensive knowledge from spatial databas-es, an efficient comprehensive knowledge discovery algorithm called recycled algo-rithm (RAR) is suggested.