2002年度上海天文台科研工作总结

对 2 0 0 2年度上海天文台科研工作作了简要总结 ,其内容包括知识创新工程和基础研究、实测和技术工作、人才培养和人才引进、科研支撑和相关管理工作、国际合作与学术交流等方面取得的成绩和主要存在问题     

海区尺度港航地图集的内容设计——以《中国北方枢纽港港航地图集》为例

《中国北方枢纽港港航地图集》是首部以中国北方海区枢纽港港口经济和航海保障为主题的区域性港航地图集。从制图区域、指标体系、内容框架等方面入手,探讨了海区尺度港航地图集的内容设计特点,展现了港产城一体、陆海统筹等区域港口经济的本质特征,为今后同类地图集的制作提供新的思路和参考。     

Who and what are carbon markets for? Politics and the development of climate policy

Why have carbon markets been rapidly adopted as policy solutions to climate change in the last decade? Perhaps surprisingly, this question has attracted virtually no attention in the large literature on such markets. The standard arguments given for why carbon markets are good ways to respond to climate change do not explain why such markets have flourished as governance mechanisms in relation to climate. Carbon markets have spread and become taken-for-granted because of the potential they give to certain powerful actors (financiers, specifically) to create new cycles of investment, profits and growth. As a consequence, they make possible a political coalition combining financiers with environmentalists. This coalition has considerable potential to legitimize substantial cuts in carbon emissions in the face of continued opposition from other interests. It is the combination of these two elements – the promotion of specific growth sectors and the construction of a political coalition – that constitutes the principal political virtue of carbon markets. In order to demonstrate this claim, the history of emissions trading is traced and the implication of this analysis is explored for the further building of climate governance centred on carbon markets.     

Planning adaptation based on local actors’ knowledge and participation: a climate governance experiment

Involving a wide-range of stakeholders at different moments in the planning of urban adaptation to climate change can help to overcome different barriers to adaptation, such as a lack of common perception, or control over options. This Article argues for an approach that involves a wide range of actors throughout the planning process in order to confront the challenges of urban adaptation to climate change. It builds on the results of a three-year participatory action research project to identify the catalysts with which local administrations can overcome the lack of data, the low level of engagement around the climate issue, and the cause-and-effect linkages of climate change impacts on the urban environment. Significant factors include territorial rootedness, leveraging actors’ experience, interaction between actors, as well as the valuing of local actors as experts of territorial management rather than as novices with regard to climate change adaptation. In addition to contributing towards the engagement of a large number of stakeholders around adaptation issues, a planning process that involves representatives from various sectors and during several stages contributes to a greater understanding of these issues and their linkages. It follows that such a process will bring changes to urban practices by better articulating local concerns about climatic issues.

Policy relevance

Although participation is commonly advocated in policy responses to climate change, only few empirical studies have investigated the ways in which local actors' knowledge can be integrated into climate change adaptation planning processes. The article builds on the results of an action research project carried out in Québec City, Canada, to address the relevance of involving a progressively broader range of actors as the adaptation process moves through its various phases. Given that a multitude of barriers to adaptation are at play at different times in a municipality, collaborations between local stakeholders emerge as a key factor. These collaborations provide greater insight into the linkages between climate change impacts and the urban environment and, in doing so, bring into question ordinary urban management and design practices.     

Climate change technology transfer: a new paradigm and policy agenda

This article proposes a shift to a paradigm that is more extensive than the current narrow focus on North—South climate change technology transfers, towards a more inclusive ‘global’ paradigm. An implication of the paradigm shift is that there should be a concomitant expansion of the policy agendas of the international climate and trade regimes. The traditional North—South paradigm of technology transfer ignores the increasing importance of developing countries as sources of advanced climate-friendly technologies, and therefore ignores South—North and South—South transfers. Further, whereas the North—South paradigm has emphasized developing countries' intellectual property rights policies as barriers to technology transfers, the ‘global’ paradigm focuses attention on trade and investment policy barriers, including developed countries' policies that inhibit technology transfer from developing countries. The analysis is relevant to international negotiations in the post-2012 climate regime, and is also relevant to the future development of the trade regime—not only at the multilateral level in the WTO, but also at the regional and bilateral levels.     

云理论在资源环境领域中的应用前景展望

由中国科学家李德毅提出的隶属云概念是对模糊隶属度的发展,目前已经发展成为由云模型、云变换、云推理等组成的“云计算”理论与方法体系,其在地学界的应用尚未开展起来。模糊隶属云现象在资源环境领域普遍存在,例如环境污染等级的模糊评判、综合物化探异常含矿性的模糊识别、矿山安全评价、描述性地学数据的定量化处理、地学数据仓库的知识挖掘、地理信息系统中属性数据的不确定性处理、矿产资源评价预测等,迫切要求形成一系列数学假设和处理方法均符合多重模糊属性的处理方法。云计算理论与方法满足了这种客观需要,在地学信息处理方面具有十分广泛的应用前景。     

征地制度改革的历史回顾与思考

计划经济时期的征地与建立市场经济体制后的征地,所体现的经济关系有重大区别。对征地制度改革的认识,也经历了逐步深化的过程。本文对我国征地制度的改革历程进行了系统回顾,针对征地制度改革中的理论与法律问题作了深入探讨。     

Urban China in transformation: Hybrid economy,juxtaposed space,and new testing ground for geographical enquiries

History has brought us into a significant moment when the majority of the human kind has taken up resi-dence in urban settlements. The focus of global urbanization has shifted to the developing world and the center of manufacturing is no longer confined to the Global North. This paper provides a periodical assessment of the current status of China’s urban transformation in the global context of a shifting emphasis of industrialization and urbaniza-tion. China’s phenomenal urban transformation deserves a special attention not only because of its unparalleled scale and speed but also because of its distinct trajectory of growth that does not conform to normal theoretical ex-pectations. The results of assessment revealed an urban economy with remarkable hybridity, a society that is in-creasingly stratified, polarized, and segregated, and a juxtaposed urban space undergoing restless and pervasive transformation. A decentering world should entail a decentering knowledge production. A critical reflection upon the Chinese patterns and processes of urban transformation has identified 4 main issues with great potentials for inno-vative knowledge production, namely: 1) privatization and economic development; 2) state, society, and space; 3) urbanization of capital, labor, and land; and 4) the environment and Chinese political ecology. The paper closes with the remark that a rapidly transforming urban China has presented itself as a fertile and resourceful testing ground for critical and innovative geographic enquiries.     

城市空间扩展模型及对长沙市的模拟研究

借鉴传统的元胞自动机模型自下而上的运行规则,通过引入规划控制层,将自下而上和自上而下2种运行规则结合起来,构建了城市空间扩展模型,简化了传统城市空间扩展模型计算的数据量。以长沙市为例,采用1996,1999,2002,2005年城市规划资料数据,运用城市空间扩展模型将长沙城市空间分为12个组团分片模拟,并结合人口经济模型,预测了2020年长沙城市建设用地面积、人口经济与各个片区城市空间扩展等状况,为城市规划管理决策提供参考。     

区域发展不平衡研究进展

区域发展不平衡是指区域之间在发展水平、功能和结构上的时空不平衡性.文献综述分析发现:区域发展不平衡的评价指标主要有两类:一类是地区经济增长成果指标,另一类是地区间生活水平指标.这两类指标都局限于收入或GDP等经济指标,这对评价区域发展不平衡是不够的,区域发展不平衡的评价应该落到福祉水平层面.区域发展不平衡是区域发展与时间、空间组成的三位一体,对其研究应从时、空2个维度展开,即将空间维度的静态研究和时间维度的动态研究结合起来.