Rethinking small-scale fisheries compliance

Fisheries compliance has been identified as key to sustainable fisheries management. However, it has been widely acknowledged that the approach by many governments worldwide to achieve compliance is largely through law enforcement efforts. Although theories of normative action have expanded compliance thinking from that of rationalist approaches, this paper takes the argument further. By drawing on criminology and security discourse, and on empirical research on small-scale fisheries in South Africa, this paper argues for a new approach to our understanding of compliance. Furthermore, it argues that rather than taking law as given, the formation of law and the power dynamics influencing such processes are critical aspects that need to be acknowledged and understood in fisheries compliance theory.     

Conclusions: Benefits, lessons learned, and future challenges of marine spatial planning

This article summarizes briefly the principal conclusions from papers presented in this special issue on marine spatial planning. It identifies potential economic, ecological, and administrative benefits (and costs) that might be realized from the implementation of MSP. Finally, the article summarize lessons learned and identifies future challenges and directions for MSP, including the development of international guidelines for its implementation.     

The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia: A new ecosystem-based zoning policy for marine management

The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia is a new large-scale, ecosystem-based zoning policy for management of development and use in the marine environment. Utilising the Geographic Information System (GIS), the model establishes four ecologically rated zones, derived from known ecological criteria. A series of goals, objectives and strategies represent the desired outcomes for each of the ecologically rated zones. A Performance Assessment System (PAS) will subsequently evaluate the success of the marine plans. Implementation will be supported by a collaborative whole-of-government approach. Marine plans will facilitate the delivery of long-term protection to the marine environment as a whole ecosystem, whilst enabling a broad range of activities to occur in a sustainable manner.     

Developing a building policy for the erosion zone: Solutions to some key (Dutch) questions

In those coastal communities where the most seaward strip of mainland consists of dunes, these dunes often serve as a flexible sea defence. In addition, this strip offers large potential for housing and commercial enterprises. Unfortunately, due to severe storm surges part of this strip (the erosion zone) is subject to erosion, and as a result of which any buildings or infrastructure located here, are destroyed. Therefore, as we will illustrate in this paper, a building policy for this zone should reflect a compromise between two opposite interests: exploitation of the existing potential and, prevention of an unacceptable high risk due to erosion. Accordingly, the authors have developed a framework for such a building policy on the basis of which the desirability of various different types of investments and the location within the erosion zone of such investments can be determined. The examples that are used to illustrate this framework in this paper are limited to experiences in The Netherlands as relevant data and experiences are available and relatively easy accessible here. Nevertheless, the approach as is described is generic and applicable worldwide suggesting that the discovered unused potential for exploitation is not just limited to The Netherlands.     

地域功能-结构的空间组织途径——对国土空间规划实施主体功能区战略的讨论

地域功能-结构的空间组织规律是人地系统耦合研究的基本理论问题,也是开展国土空间规划、塑造可持续地理格局的基础理论。从地理学对地理过程的重复、预测、调控、优化的讨论入手,阐释了空间治理体系是现代地理学用于调控和优化可持续地理过程与格局的重要途径。采用生态-生活-生产等三生空间构成的地域功能空间结构呈现的时空演变特征,表达了地域功能-结构的空间有序性法则,阐释了地域功能与自然地理环境相协调、同一地域单元各类功能及不同单元之间冲突最小化、地域功能在不同空间尺度有效传导、以及长时间尺度综合效益最大化等空间组织目标。从可持续性出发,建立自然要素的资源、环境、生态和灾害四大属性的概念,并通过四大属性集成构成自然承载力,分析承载力的原值、余量和潜力在空间规划中的作用,形成自下而上解析空间组织的基本方法。从新空间均衡出发,基于承载力、融入位置和空间结构参量后构成的地域功能适宜性,形成自上而下解析空间组织的基本方法。进而讨论了集成两种方法形成的主体功能区具备的对空间组织与规划的基础价值和战略价值,提出主体功能区的区划、战略、制度和规划用途分离及相互关联的新思路。以实施主体功能区战略为主线、以空间降尺度传导主体功能为核心科学问题、以关键约束参数为空间结构控制性指标,讨论了数据库与地域功能谱系、功能和尺度依赖的承载力评价方法与模型库、“三区三线”的建构框架,论证了空间规划实施主体功能区战略的途径,提出地理学应着力加强大、中空间尺度（区域性）国土空间规划基础理论和方法、强化技术等科技支撑体系建设的建议。     

国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线备选区的识别

水源涵养功能重要性是生态保护红线划分工作中重要的评价指标之一。通过对以往生态系统水源涵养功能区划分的指标及其区域导向的系统梳理,在进一步明晰国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线区域指向的基础上,按照国土空间规划关于“三区三线”自下而上试划的要求,探讨了水源涵养重要性生态保护红线划分及其评价的改进方法。选取中国典型喀斯特区域六盘水市作为研究案例区,分别用环保部2015版与2017版《生态保护红线划定技术指南》中的模型法、NPP法以及本研究提出的改进方法,对六盘水市水源涵养功能生态保护红线进行了试划。对比三种方法的划定结果可以看出,改进方法因评价数据精度的提高减少了《生态保护红线划定技术指南》方法的区域损失,提高了区域判别的精准性,可望为国土空间规划中生态保护红线的划定提供科学依据。     

国土空间规划中城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定

在2016年国务院印发的《省级空间规划试点方案》所提出的“开展基础评价”和“绘制规划底图”两项主要任务中,城镇适宜性的评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界的划定属于核心内容,同时也是一项具有较强探索性的工作。以国家对国土空间规划的基本设想为依据,对城镇空间和城镇开发边界的概念和内涵、空间关系、相关规则进行深入探讨,确定了城镇适宜性评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界划定的主要思路和技术路线。结合福建省空间规划的案例,分析了城镇适宜性评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界划定的过程、方法和结果。不同于以往各部门开展的空间性规划,城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定建立在资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性的基础评价之上,这使得城镇开发建设活动的空间布局在资源环境本底方面得到合理保障,城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定也有了较为科学、客观的依据。此外,把基础底图的研制与城镇发展潜能、城镇开发指向的评估,以及开发建设的规模管控、空间管控、开发强度管控系统地整合起来,使得规划底图的随意性得到了较好的控制。实践表明,本文的思路和技术方法是合理可行的,这一尝试可为空间规划理论和方法体系的完善提供参考。     

国土空间规划:生态环境类单幅总图的研制

生态环境类单幅总图是国土空间规划编制的重要内容,是落实生态环境空间管控,促进生态环境与社会经济协调发展,实现一张蓝图干到底的重要支撑。探讨空间规划生态单幅总图和环境单幅总图的编制要点与技术方法,并以福建省为例,研制生态环境空间战略目标、空间结构与重点任务。在案例研究中,制定了福建省“三屏、六廊、十四片区”的生态安全格局建设方案,以及空间差异化的环境管控方案,并在空间上落实了生态环境治理的重点区域和重大生态环境治理工程。通过探讨生态环境类单幅总图编制与生态环境类专项规划的关系,阐明省级规划指导市、县等下层级空间规划生态环境单幅总图编制的原则与方法,是落实空间规划对生态环境保护空间指引的创新与实践。     

话语权结构对国土空间规划方案的影响机理与优化策略

从话语权结构入手,分析规划制度因素对国土空间规划方案的影响机理,提出适应国土空间规划体系的优化话语权结构的策略建议。研究发现：① 由于利益主体短期内不会发生变化,真正影响国土空间规划的是不同利益主体的话语权结构。随着中国规划体制的改革,要形成有序的国土空间规划体系,最核心的是要在细分领域确定不同层级政府的话语权结构。② 不同层级规划的冲突主要表现在规模和空间两个方面,相对于国土空间上位规划的“三区三线”理想方案,六盘水市城市规划的建设类用地面积偏大27.9%,保护类用地面积偏小9.3%。冲突的原因是缺乏上级规划对下级规划的管控机制以及下级规划对上级规划的衔接机制。③ 通过分解传导以及集合传导机制,构建了细分领域的不同层级政府话语权结构体系,实现了不同层级国土空间规划的分级传导和分级管控。     

干旱半干旱区水资源承载力评价及空间规划指引——以宁夏西海固地区为例

以宁夏西海固地区为例,在区域尺度水资源超载状态分析基础上,构建了栅格尺度水资源承载力评价指标体系和计算方法,阐释了水资源承载力空间格局、特征及其与人口经济要素的空间关系,并提出空间规划与发展路径指引。干旱半干旱区栅格尺度的水资源承载力评估指标体系包括5项一级指标和12项二级指标,案例实证研究与校验表明：指标体系与评估模型具有可操作性,可为空间规划与管制提供更有效的决策支撑;西海固地区栅格尺度的水资源承载力划分为强、较强、中等、较弱以及弱5个等级,强和较强等级区主要位于清水河河谷平原,是黄河扬水灌区与地下水资源富集区的叠加区域,较弱和弱等级区集中分布于黄土丘陵区、六盘山及其余脉山地区。在水资源承载力空间差异分析的基础上,因地制宜地制定空间开发指引,建立“节流为主、开源为辅”的水资源保障体系,有助于构建与区域水资源条件相适应的人口产业布局模式。