干旱区梨园不同覆盖条件下土壤环境因子综合性评价研究

在干旱沿黄灌区开展不同覆盖材料配合滴灌的灌溉保墒方式下,进一步研究了不同覆盖方式对梨园全生育期的土壤理化性状和养分含量变化影响,分析了土壤温度、水分、pH等和矿质营养元素间的相互关系,对覆盖后的土壤质量进行了综合性评价。试验处理分为无覆盖对照（T1）、园艺地布覆盖（T2）、玉米秸秆覆盖（T3）和黑地膜覆盖（T4）4个处理;试验设计为随机区组设计,每个处理小区均为167株梨树（约占地667 m²）,重复3次;各小区土样分0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层取样。结果表明：（1） 园艺地布和黑地膜覆盖处理有一定的增温效应,而玉米秸秆覆盖有较好的降温和稳温效应,且增墒效应明显,土壤含水率比其他3种处理显著提高了1.0%~2.7%。（2） 相较无覆盖处理,黑地膜覆盖可提升表层土壤pH,并加速表层土壤有机质的分解,有机质含量较无覆盖处理下降33.1%;玉米秸秆覆盖可显著降低各土层的土壤pH,降低范围为1.8%~4.6%,并促进0~20 cm土层有机质的提升,土壤有机质含量增加12.2%;园艺地布覆盖下0~40 cm土层内土壤有机质含量和全盐量均有降低。（3） 黑地膜覆盖下0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的碱解氮含量分别为73.00 mg·g^-1和64.53 mg·g^-1,均显著地高于无覆盖处理,无覆盖条件下土壤碱解氮在深层（40~60 cm土层）积累较多,显著地高于玉米秸秆和黑地膜覆盖;各处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层速效磷含量差异显著,大小顺序均为T4>T3>T2>T1,玉米秸秆覆盖可提升土壤速效钾和速效铁的含量。（4） 进行主成分分析表明不同覆盖方式对梨园浅层土壤环境因子的影响要明显大于深层土壤,在0~40 cm土层内各覆盖处理效果均好于无覆盖处理,其中玉米秸秆覆盖在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层综合得分分别为1.189和0.326,覆盖效果最佳。     

GPS/BDS组合系统伪距单点定位模型精度分析

合理确定观测值权阵对于应用GPS/BDS组合系统提高单点定位的精度和稳定性十分重要.文章对GPS/BDS常用的几种定权模型等权模型、高度角随机模型、基于Helmert验后方差估计模型、顾及PDOP值的定权模型等进行了实验与分析.结果表明:基于Helmert的定权方法精度最高,进一步对其观测值的分类根据高度角进行改进并利用PDOP值的选星思想后,模型精度再次提高.研究结果可以为提高GPS/BDS组合系统伪距单点定位的精度提供参考.     

On seasonal approach to flood frequency modelling. Part II: flood frequency analysis of Polish rivers

The annual peak flow series of Polish rivers are mixtures of summer and winter flows. As Part II of a sequence of two papers, practical aspects of applicability of seasonal approach to flood frequency analysis (FFA) of Polish rivers are discussed. Taking A Two‐Component Extreme Value (TCEV1) model as an example it was shown in the first part that regardless of estimation method, the seasonal approach can give profit in terms of upper quantile estimation accuracy that rises with the return period of the quantile and is the greatest for no seasonal variation. In this part, an assessment of annual maxima (AM) versus seasonal maxima (SM) approach to FFA was carried out with respect to seasonal and annual peak flow series of 38 Polish gauging stations. First, the assumption of mutual independence of the seasonal maxima has been tested. The smoothness of SM and AM empirical probability distribution functions was analysed and compared. The TCEV1 model with seasonally estimated parameters was found to be not appropriate for most Polish data as it considerably underrates the skewness of AM distributions and upper quantile values as well. Consequently, the discrepancies between the SM and AM estimates of TCEV1 are observed. Taking SM and TCEV1 distribution, the dominating season in AM series was confronted with predominant season for extreme floods. The key argument for presumptive superiority of SM approach that SM samples are more statistically homogeneous than AM samples has not been confirmed by the data. An analysis of fitness to SM and AM of Polish datasets made for seven distributions pointed to Pearson (3) distribution as the best for AM and Summer Maxima, whereas it was impossible to select a single best model for winter samples. In the multi‐model approach to FFA, the tree functions, i.e., Pe(3), CD3 and LN3, should be involved for both SM and AM. As the case study, Warsaw gauge on the Vistula River was selected. While most of AM elements are here from winter season, the prevailing majority of extreme annual floods are the summer maxima. The upper quantile estimates got by means of classical annual and two‐season methods happen to be fairly close; what's more they are nearly equal to the quantiles calculated just for the season of dominating extreme floods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用复测水准资料寻求反映地壳纯形变的定量指标

地壳纯变形分为剪切变形和扩张变形。在前人研究的基础上提出了仅利用复测水准资料求出描述地壳剪切变形和扩张变形指标的方法和步骤，所得的定量指标不受基准的影响，受测量累积误差的影响亦很小，能客观地反映地壳变形的特征。通过理论和实例证明：以一点周围变形分量的最大值代表该点周围垂直面的变形程度比其平均值更能突出变形信息。最后根据实例计算结果分析了剪切变形分量、扩张变形分量与形变速率、构造地震的关系。     

The Martian Nonhydrostatic Components of Moment-of-Inertia

The author puts forward the proposal in this paper that all the terrestrial planets (Venus, the Earth, and Mars) as well as the Moon deviate from hydrostatic equilibrium to some degree. The Earth's level of deviation of these four celestial bodies is minimum, and that of Mars is maximum. Moreover, the author estimates Martian nonhydrostatic components of the principal moments-of-inertia using five models for the interior of Mars. Comparison with other terrestrial planets shows that setting the range of mean moment-of-inertia ratio, I/MR², in 0.345 ~ 0.355for Mars is reasonable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

银河系厚盘的本地空间密度

本文利用北银极天区的现代恒星计数资料，采用标准的银河系模型，通过恒星统计积分方程对参数值组合模型的亮度函数进行计数分析，证明了银河系厚盘恒星成份存在的必要性，并进一步得出太阳附近厚盘成份的空间密度的最佳期望值为薄盘密度的０．０４１．     

绿地信息提取研究

城市绿地作为城市结构中的主要元素,在城市中起着一个重要的作用。本文基于TM遥感影像,对大连市城市绿地专题信息进行提取,并对绿地格局进行研究和探讨。通过计算各组成分分量和归一化植被指数ND-VI之间的相关系数来进行波段组合,提高了遥感影像的分类精度。结果显示该方法可以准确地得到绿地信息。     

常州市地下水化学特征与成因分析

常州市是长江三角洲地区典型的工业化城市,多年来的快速发展对地下水环境产生了系列影响,地下水化学组分受到天然条件和人为活动的双重因素控制,现状地下水化学成因和影响因素亟需深入研究。本文在地下水赋存条件分析的基础上,综合采用统计分析、离子比值、主成分分析法对常州各层地下水化学特征和成因开展分析。结果表明,区域潜水水化学类型以HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-·Cl^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺型为主,第Ⅰ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺型为主、第Ⅱ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺     

Environmental fate and health exposures of the geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants in potable groundwater of Lower Ganga Basin,India

The study evaluated the sources and controlling factors of the groundwater contaminants in an agroeconomic region of Lower Ganga Basin using principal component analysis (PCA), multivariable linear regressions (MLR), correlation analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis, and evaluated the public health risks using the Latin Hypercube Sampling, goodness-of-fit statistics, Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis based on the 1000 samples collected in two sampling cycles (N = 1000). The study reveals that the dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals and semi-arid climate regulate the fluoride concentrations (0.10–18.25 mg/L) in groundwater. Extensive application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and livestock manure mainly contributed to elevated nitrate levels (up to 435.0 mg/L) in groundwater. The health risks analysis indicates that fluoride exposure is more prevalent in the residents of each age group than the nitrate and both contaminants exhibited higher non-carcinogenic health risks on the infant and child (minor) age groups compared to adolescents and adults. Based on the cokriging interpolation mapping, the minor residents of 17.88%–23.15% of the total area (4545.0 km²) are vulnerable to methemoglobinemia whereas the residents of all age-groups in 38.47%–44.45% of the total area are susceptible to mild to severe dental/skeletal fluorosis owing to consumption of untreated nitrate and fluoride enriched groundwater. The Sobol sensitivity indices revealed contaminant levels, groundwater intake rate and their collective effects are the most influential factors to pose potential health risks on the residents. Artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting practices should be adopted to improve the groundwater quality and the residents are advised to drink purified groundwater.     

基于Hoek-Brown的岩石横观各向同性屈服准则研究

为了描述岩石强度的各向异性特征,通过引入材料的微结构张量,考虑单轴抗压强度σ_cβ随层理倾角β而变化,提出了基于微结构张量的修正Hoek-Brown屈服准则。开展不同层理倾角(0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°和90°)的页岩试样不同围压(0、5、10、15和20 MPa)下的三轴压缩试验,结果显示,页岩峰值强度与层理倾角β呈"U"形曲线关系,在围压较低时呈"肩"形曲线关系,弹性模量E_t和泊松比ν对围压不敏感,其平均值随层理倾角β的变化关系分别呈倒"U"形、"肩"形。页岩的微观和宏观破坏图像表明,其破坏模式受围压和层理倾角双重控制。试验值与模型预测值的对比表明,修正的Hoek-Brown屈服准则可较好地对页岩强度的各向异性进行模拟。同时,采用Koteshwar千枚岩、Koteshwar板岩、绿泥石片岩等层状结构岩石的单轴和三轴压缩试验数据,进一步验证了提出的修正Hoek-Brown屈服准则对多数具有层理结构的横观各向同性岩石峰值强度模拟具有普遍适用性,并对屈服准则在试验数据较多和较少情况下的峰值强度模拟效果进行了评价。