西南极长城湾NG93-1沉积柱样碳、氧、锶、铅同位素地球化学研究及其古环境意义

对西南极西北海域乔治王岛和纳尔逊岛之间长城湾浅水海区柱长８３ｃｍ的沉积柱样ＮＧ９３－１进行了矿物学、Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ、Ｏ、Ｃ等同位素地球化学研究。揭示了沉积物以陆源碎屑物为主，证实南设德兰群岛火山岩是该海区沉积物的重要控制源。Ｏ、Ｃ同位素记录了早全新世以来两次冰期，一次高温的气候变动信息，并指出Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ同位素组成的剖面变化具有气候演变的示踪意义。     

Chemical and environmental isotope study of precipitation in Syria

Waters from a network of rainfall collection covering nine meteorological stations distributed mainly in the western part of Syria have been assayed using chemical and environmental isotope techniques for a period of 5 months from Dec 1989 to Apr 1990. The chemistry of rain waters falling over the mountainous stations shows a low solute concentration (20–105 mg⁻¹/L) compared with those falling over the coastal and anterior stations (50–210 mg⁻¹/L). The rain waters are generally characterized by a high deuterium excess (d = 19 ‰) compared with that of typical global meteoric waters (d = 10 ‰). The estimated deuterium excess is lower than that for the eastern Mediterranean meteoric waters (d = 22 ‰). The altitude effect is shown up by a depletion of heavy stable isotopes of about −0·23 ‰ and −1·65 ‰ per 100 m elevation of δ¹⁸O and δD, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern of tritium contents shows a gradual build up with increasing distance from the Syrian coast. The weighted mean tritium content in rain waters falling over the country is estimated to amount to 9·5 tritium units (TU) during the period of observation.     

氯化物型钾盐矿床氯同位素地球化学研究

根据国内外许多钾盐矿床大量样品测定的结果：通常石盐（岩）的37Cl／35Cl比值和δ37Cl（％）值高于钾石盐（岩）；钾石盐高于光卤石（岩）。例如：西班牙Catalonia盆地钾盐矿床，其石盐岩为0．31958—0．31941和＋1．002─＋0．470‰，钾石盐岩为0．31913和─0．407‰，光卤石岩为0．31887和─1．221‰，等等。这说明了这些蒸发岩是在水体浓缩的不同阶段形成的，是氯同位素分馏作用长期不断进行的结果。其氯同位素组成与Br、K和Mg含量有着密切关系。困而在我国找钾过程中，可将氯同位素组成及Br、K、Mg含量结合起来作为找钾标志考虑。     

Genesis and Geological—Geochemical Characters of the ushan Gold Deposit,Shandong,China

The Rushan gold deposit, explored in recent years in the Jiaodong area, Shandong Province, is a quartz vein-type gold deposit hosted in granite. The temperature of its major mineralization episode is between 220°C and 280°C. The salinity of the ore-forming fluid is 5 % to 9% NaCl equivalent, with H₂O and CO₂ as the dominant gas constituents. The fluid is rich in Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻, but relatively impoverished in K⁺ and F⁻, characterized by either Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ (in three samples) or Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ (in six samples). Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the ore-forming fluid are highly variable with δ¹⁸ ranging between − 7.70‰ and 5. 97‰ and between − 128‰ and − 71‰. The possibility of lamprophyre serving as the source of gold can be excluded in view of its low gold content on the order of 2.5 × 10⁻⁹. Rb-Sr isochron ages of the deposit and the host Kunyushan granite are ( 104.8 ± 1.5) Ma and 134.6 Ma respectively with the respective initial Sr ratios of 0. 71307 and 0.7096. It is considered that the emplacement of the lamprophyre under a tensile environment had provided sufficient heat energy to facilitate deep circulation of meteoric water by which ore metals were extracted from the Kunyushan granite through long-term water-rock reaction. This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Nd-Sr isotopic and trace element study of rocks and fluids from the continental deep drilling Project (KTB), Germany

Geochemical analyses were interpreted on the dominant lithological units and on a deep crustal fluid from the Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) Pilot Hole, situated at the western margin of the Variscan Bohemian Massif. The biotite gneiss (from 384 m depth) shows a rare earth element pattern very similar to the European shale composite with Nd model ages of 940 Ma (CHUR) and 1.4 Ga (DM). The lamprophyre dike in the upper profile (1549 m), a nepheline and olivine normative basalt, is geochemically and isotopically similar to rocks from the Tertiary Central European Volcanic Province. The lower metabasite sequence (3575–4000 m), with an intrusion age of approximately 500 Ma, is made up primarily of highly metamorphosed subalkalic olivine basalts. The geochemical characteristics of the metabasites are a (La/Yb)_N of 5–10, an La concentration of 20–50 times chondrite as well as (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i of 0.7035–0.7038 and _Nd(T) of 4–6. These values suggest a depleted mantle source for the igneous precursors, evolving by assimilation-fractional crystallization processes with up to 25% of upper crust into the ultramafic, basaltic, and intermediate rock types of the metabasite sequence. The strong geochemical and chronological similarities between the KTB metabasites and rocks from the Münchberg Massif suggest that these units belong to the same lithological complex. The high salinity as well as the radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.709413 in the KTB fluid from 4000 m depth might be the result of migrating fluids reacting with the regional Permo-Mesozoic evaporite deposits, followed by extensive Sr isotopic exchange with the upper crust.     

Deciphering some unique paleotemperature indicators in halite-bearing saline lake deposits from Death Valley, California, USA

Saline lake deposits are arguably the best source of mid- to low-latitude terrestrial paleoclimate data. Alternating clastic sediments and evaporites of different chemical composition have long been recognized as sensitive records of changes in inflow and aridity related to a variety of climate parameters. Several sources of paleotemperature information from a halite-bearing saline lake deposit are described here – pseudomorphs of a cold-temperature evaporite mineral, homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in halite, and stable-isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in halite. Examples of these paleoclimate data come from analysis of the lower half of a 185-m core drilled in Pleistocene saline lake deposits at Death Valley, California. Daily and seasonal temperature variations in saline lake waters create conditions for the appearance and disappearance of temperature-dependent mineral phases. In the Death Valley core, hexagonal-shaped halite crystals, probable pseudomorphs of the cold-temperature hydrous mineral, hydrohalite (NaCl2H₂O), provide evidence of brine temperatures below about 0 °C. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in primary halite offer an actual (not proxy) record of surface-brine temperatures. Samples with primary fluid-inclusion textures are carefully selected and handled, and data are collected from single-phase aqueous-brine inclusions chilled to nucleate vapor bubbles. Temperature variations are observable at scales of individual halite crystals (hours to days), single halite beds (weeks to months or years), and multiples of beds to entire facies (hundreds to tens of thousands of years). A ¹⁸O/D stable isotope record from the minute quantities of brines in fluid inclusions in halite is accessible using a method recently developed at the University of Calgary. The stable isotope record from the Death Valley core, a complex response to climate variables including temperature, humidity, storm patterns or seasons, and inflow sources, compliments and expands the interpretation emerging from the stratigraphy and homogenization temperatures.     

Isotope hydrology of the Chalk River Laboratories site,Ontario, Canada

This paper presents results of hydrochemical and isotopic analyses of groundwater (fracture water) and porewater, and physical property and water content measurements of bedrock core at the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) site in Ontario. Density and water contents were determined and water-loss porosity values were calculated for core samples. Average and standard deviations of density and water-loss porosity of 50 core samples from four boreholes are 2.73 ± 12 g/cc and 1.32 ± 1.24 percent. Respective median values are 2.68 and 0.83 indicating a positive skewness in the distributions. Groundwater samples from four deep boreholes were analyzed for strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and uranium (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) isotope ratios. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses and selected solute concentrations determined by CRL are included for comparison. Groundwater from borehole CRG-1 in a zone between approximately +60 and −240 m elevation is relatively depleted in δ¹⁸O and δ²H perhaps reflecting a slug of water recharged during colder climatic conditions. Porewater was extracted from core samples by centrifugation and analyzed for major dissolved ions and for strontium and uranium isotopes. On average, the extracted water contains 15 times larger concentration of solutes than the groundwater. ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and correlation of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr with Rb/Sr values indicate that the porewater may be substantially older than the groundwater. Results of this study show that the Precambrian gneisses at Chalk River are similar in physical properties and hydrochemical aspects to crystalline rocks being considered for the construction of nuclear waste repositories in other regions.     

Geochemistry of organic-rich river waters in Amazonia: Insights on weathering processes of intertropical cratonic terrain

In this study, eight organic-rich rivers that flow through the Brazilian craton in the southwestern Amazon rainforest are investigated. This investigation is the first of its type in this area and focuses on the effects of lithology, long-term weathering, thick soils, forest cover and hydrological period on the dissolved load compositions in rivers draining cratonic terrain. The major dissolved ion concentrations, alkalinity (TAlk), SiO₂, trace element concentrations, and Sr isotope contents in the water were determined between April 2009 and January 2010. In addition, the isotopic values of oxygen and hydrogen were determined between 2011 and 2013. Overall, the river water is highly dilute and dominated by the major dissolved elements TAlk, SiO₂ and K⁺ and the major dissolved trace elements Al, Fe, Ba, Mn, P, Zn and Sr, which exhibit large temporal and spatial variability and are closely correlated with the silicatic bedrock and hydrology. Additionally, rainwater and recycled water vapor and the size of the basin contribute to the geochemistry of the waters. The total weathering flux estimated from our results is 2–4 t km⁻².yr⁻¹, which is one of the lowest fluxes in the world. The CO₂ consumption rate is approximately 21–61 10³ mol km⁻² yr⁻¹, which is higher than expected given the stability of the felsic to basic igneous and metamorphic to siliciclastic basement rocks and the thick tropical soil cover. Thus, weathering of the cratonic terrain under intertropical humid conditions is still an important consumer of CO₂.     

Isotopic provenancing of Pb in Mitrovica,northern Kosovo: Source identification of chronic Pb enrichment in soils,house dust and scalp hair

Mitrovica, northern Kosovo, is the site of some of the highest Pb concentrations reported in human populations; exemplified by Pb concentrations in scalp hair of up to 130 μg g⁻¹ and widely-publicized of Pb-related ill-health and mortality amongst internally displaced populations. High human Pb burdens are accompanied by elevated concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in soils and house dust within the city, which has a long history of mining and metallurgy. In this study enrichment-levels for PHEs in soils are quantified and compared to environmental quality guidelines and a statistically-derived estimation of background concentration. In addition, Pb isotopes (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) are used to characterise the isotopic signatures of potential point sources of Pb and a mixing model employed to quantify the contribution of sources to Pb present in soils, house dust, and the scalp hair of children and young people. Pb isotopic evidence suggests that Pb in surface soils and house-dust is predominantly sourced from historical deposition of Pb-containing aerosols from metal smelting, with lower contributions from wind-blown dispersal of metalliferous waste. Pb present in scalp hair is interpreted as the result of non-occupational exposure and the ingestion and/or inhalation of Pb-enriched surface soil and house dust. This study represents one of the very few instances where this type of geochemical tracing technique has been successfully applied to definitively identify the source of Pb present within biological samples. The results of this study are of particular relevance to environmental management and highlight the human health risk posed by the legacy of now inactive mining and metallurgy in addition to the challenge posed in mitigating the risk posed by diffuse soil pollution.     

柿竹园钨多金属矽卡岩-云英岩与铅锌银矿脉C、H、O、Pb同位素地球化学研究

柿竹园W_Sn_Mo_Bi_Pb_Zn_Ag矿田是南岭地区典型多金属矿田,其具有显著的蚀变_成矿分带特征:近接触带矽卡岩-云英岩型W_Sn_Mo_Bi矿床(如柿竹园、金船塘、柴山地区)和远接触带脉状Pb_Zn_Ag矿床(如蛇形坪、横山岭、百步窿、枞树板地区)。通过对远—近接触带中主要蚀变岩石和矿石样品的C、H、O、Pb同位素研究,发现在近接触带块状矽卡岩中方解石的δ~(13)C和δ~(18)O值分别在-6.5‰~-3.6‰和4.8‰~8.4‰之间,远接触带Pb_Zn_Ag矿脉中团块状和脉状方解石的δ~(13)C和δ~(18)O值分别在-3.5‰~-1.5‰和8.1‰~15.8‰之间,表明矽卡岩形成于岩浆热液流体的渗滤交代作用,而远接触带碳酸盐脉的形成与热液流体沿灰岩裂隙充填过程中的水岩反应相关。近接触带块状云英岩中石英的δD_(H_2O)和δ_(18)O_(H_2O)值分别为-77‰和5.1‰,矽卡岩中石榴子石的δD_(H_2O)值为-97‰,δ_(18)O_(H_2O)值范围在9.2‰~9.4‰,网脉状云英岩中石英的δD_(H_2O)和δ_(18)O_(H_2O)值分别为-83‰和-8.2‰,退化蚀变矽卡岩中石英的δD_(H_2O)和δ_(18)O_(H_2O)值分别为-65‰和-4.2‰,远接触带石英脉中石英样品的δD_(H_2O)和δ_(18)O_(H_2O)值分别为-83‰和2.8‰,表明近接触带的块状矽卡岩和云英岩与远接触带石英脉成矿流体具有岩浆水的特征,而网脉状云英岩和退化蚀变矽卡岩成矿流体具有岩浆流体与大气水混合的特征。远—近接触带中方铅矿的206Pb/204Pb值范围18.565~18.622,207Pb/204Pb值范围15.694~15.738,208Pb/204Pb值范围38.819~38.986,表明Pb等金属元素来源于上地壳。