南海海盆区莫霍面分布规律及其对深部钻探的意义

钻遇莫霍面是人类一直以来的梦想。深海海底是地球上离莫霍面最近的地方,目前有研究推测南海是世界上莫霍面深度最浅的海域之一,但缺乏足够的直接证据。深反射地震探测可以直接揭示岩石圈的构造形态,是莫霍面探测的重要手段。本文基于长达15000 km的深反射多道地震剖面的解释、处理、制图和分析,结合前人的研究,形成了南海海盆区莫霍面反射特征和空间分布的初步认识。① 南海东部次海盆南部早期经历了较快速扩张,岩浆供应充足,受扩张停止后岩浆活动影响较小,基底平坦,地质构造相对简单,同时洋壳地震速度结构不存在异常,且有较强的广角莫霍面反射波和可识别的地幔顶部折射波,具备莫霍面钻探的基本条件。② 南海海盆不同区域的莫霍面反射强度存在较大差异。其中东部次海盆莫霍面反射最为强烈且清晰,西北次海盆次之,西南次海盆仅有零星出现的清晰莫霍面反射且可信度不高。③ 识别南海海盆区莫霍面地震反射长度超过3500 km,首次形成了海盆区深度域莫霍面地震反射空间分布图。与重力反演的莫霍面深度相比,利用深反射多道地震计算的莫霍面深度细节更为丰富,并且可以在垂向上清晰刻画莫霍面的结构。整体上,南海海盆区莫霍面地震反射强烈和可信度高的区域中,深度较浅的区域之一是东部次海盆南部,最浅处仅约9. 5 km,其中水深4. 01 km,洋壳厚度仅5. 54 km。综合判断,东部次海盆南部是南海重要的莫霍面钻探备选区,这对南海莫霍面钻探选址具有重要意义。     

兰州盆地新石器时期遗址分布与地形的关系研究

研究遗址和地形等环境要素的关系有助于理解人地关系的作用机制。基于GIS空间分析和二元逻辑斯蒂模型分析了兰州盆地新石器时期马家窑和齐家文化遗址空间分布的特征、变化规律及影响因素,定量研究了地形等环境要素与遗址分布的关系。结果表明:新石器时期的马家窑文化、半山文化、马厂文化和齐家文化遗址均沿黄河分布,主要集中于河流阶地上坡度较小的区域。距河流的水平最近距离为318.6～17 721.7 m。新石器遗址特别是马厂遗址的空间集聚性明显。从马家窑类型、半山类型,发展到马厂类型,单一型遗址的占比逐渐由53.3%增多至92.6%。马厂类型的分布中心距离黄河最近。地形等环境要素显著影响遗址的空间分布,遗址出现概率主要受坡度、坡向和距黄河最近距离的影响,模型的解释程度可达65.0%。引入历史时期和现代聚落进行比较,历史时期聚落分布受到高程和坡度的影响,而现代聚落的分布主要受到高程、坡度和距河流距离的影响。聚落分布和影响因素的演变可能受到社会生产力发展的影响。     

中国西北地区气象因子对夯土遗址裂隙发育的影响

中国西北地区遗存有大量的土遗址,其种类繁多,形式各异,时刻遭受各类气象因子的影响,裂隙是其普遍发育的病害之一。为了更好地研究气象因子对夯土遗址裂隙发育的影响,本文基于近5a对分布于甘肃和青海境内的多处明代夯土遗址开展的工程实践,分析了降雨、蒸发、温度、日温差和日照等主要气象要素对裂隙发育的影响,较好地揭示了我国西北地区夯土遗址裂隙发育的气象环境效应。分析结果表明：（1）随着降雨量的增大,蒸发量的减小（即干旱指数的减小）,温度的降低和日照的减弱,裂隙发育率、平均裂隙长度和最大裂隙长度整体趋于增大,且相对潮湿的自然环境更能促进宽大裂隙的后期发育;（2）随着降雨量的减小,蒸发量的增大（即干旱指数的增大）,温度的升高和日照的增强,平均裂隙宽度和最大裂隙宽度整体趋于增大,且干旱状态的自然环境更能促进微小裂隙的前期发育;（3）气象环境对遗址的影响是一个复杂的过程,影响的因素较多,且往往是同时进行、相互影响和相互促进的,其对土遗址所产生的影响结果是相似的。     

灰色关联法在青海明长城单体建筑病害与危险性评价中的应用

土遗址保护是目前国内外文物保护研究的热点问题,但关于土遗址的病害量化,各病害间的关联程度以及土遗址的危险性评价却少有研究。通过对青海省湟中明长城的17个单体建筑-烽火台的现场调查,采用灰色关联理论分析坍塌体积、掏蚀体积、冲沟体积、裂隙长度、洞穴体积、片状剥离面积、生物破坏面积7个影响因子的权重及关联性,并建立土遗址单体的危险性评价模型进而对其进行危险性评价,最终确定各单体建筑的危险程度。     

The Impact of the Numbers of Monitoring Stations on the National and Regional Air Quality Assessment in China During 2013–18

China national air quality monitoring network has become the core data source for air quality assessment and management in China. However, during network construction, the significant change in numbers of monitoring sites with time is easily ignored, which brings uncertainty to air quality assessments. This study aims to analyze the impact of change in numbers of stations on national and regional air quality assessments in China during 2013–18. The results indicate that the change in numbers of stations has different impacts on fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone concentration assessments. The increasing number of sites makes the estimated national and regional PM_2.5 concentration slightly lower by 0.6?2.2 μg m^?3 and 1.4?6.0 μg m^?3 respectively from 2013 to 2018. The main reason is that over time, the monitoring network expands from the urban centers to the suburban areas with low population densities and pollutant emissions. For ozone, the increasing number of stations affects the long-term trends of the estimated concentration, especially the national trends, which changed from a slight upward trend to a downward trend in 2014?15. Besides, the impact of the increasing number of sites on ozone assessment exhibits a seasonal difference at the 0.05 significance level in that the added sites make the estimated concentration higher in winter and lower in summer. These results suggest that the change in numbers of monitoring sites is an important uncertainty factor in national and regional air quality assessments, that needs to be considered in long-term concentration assessment, trend analysis, and trend driving force analysis.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this article: Lob Trees in the Wilderness . Clifford and Isabel Ahlgren . Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing . T. D. Allan , ed. Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth Since World War II . Richard M. Bernard and Bradley R. Rice , eds. Legacy of Minneapolis: Preservation Amid Change . John R. Borchert , David Gebhard , David Lanegran , and Judith A. Martin . Bloomington, MN: Preparing a Historic Preservation Ordinance. Richard J. Roddewig . The Mountains of Northeastern Tasmania, A Study of Alpine Geomorphology . Nel Caine . Introductory Cartography . John Campbell . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Changing Climate . Manual of Remote Sensing, Second Edition . 2 Vols. Robert N. Colwell , ed.-in-chief; David S. Simonett and John E. Estes , vol. eds. Remote Sensing in Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology . A. P. Cracknell , ed. Multidimensional Scaling . Mark L. Davison . Environmental Karst . Percy H. Dougherty , ed. The Urban Environment . Ian Douglas . Geomorphology of Europe . Clifford Embleton , ed. An Introduction to South Asia . B. H. Farmer . Great Geological Controversies . A. Hallam . Hazardous Waste Management: In Whose Backyard? Michalann Harthill , ed. Energy for Subsistence . Margaret Haswell . Perspective on Ratzel's Political Geography . James M. Hunter . Economic Deposits and their Tectonic Setting . Charles S. Hutchison . Energy Risk Assessment . Herbert Inhaber . Discovering the Vernacular Landscape . John Brinckerhoff Jackson . Climate and Energy Systems: A Review of Their Interactions . Jill Jäger . Dilemmas in Regional Policy . Antoni Kuklinski and J. G. Lambooy , eds. California Farmland: A History of Large Agricultural Landholdings . Ellen Liebman . The Spatial Organization of New Land Settlement in Latin America . Jacob O. Maos . Dark Continent: Africa as Seen by Americans . Michael McCarthy . Westport, CT: Climatology: An Introduction . John E. Oliver and John J. Hidore . Columbus, OH: The Geography of Warfare . Patrick O'Sullivan and Jesse W. Miller . The Expanding City. Essays in Honour of Professor Jean Gottmann . John Patten , ed. Scotland's Environment During the Last 30,000 Years . Robert J. Price . Integrated Urban Models . S. H. Putman . Development and the Environmental Crisis: Red or Green Alternatives? Michael Redclift .     

贝类育苗中几种水处理新方法应用的探讨

本文主要叙述磁化水、泡沫处理水、臭氧处理水、高分子重金属离子吸附剂在贝类育苗上的应用，介绍其使用方法、优点和不足，从而为贝类人工育苗创造出一个良好的水环境，使贝类育苗稳产高产。     

匼河旧石器遗址6054和6056地点地层的再研究

发现于 195 7年的河遗址群的年代一直存在较大的争议。对河遗址群中两个代表性的遗址的地层进行了再研究 ,认为 60 5 4地点文化层位于黄土—古土壤序列中 S2 以下 ,而 60 5 6地点位于马兰黄土之下 ,二者的时代有较大的差别 ,60 5 4地点可能比 60 5 6地点时代要早。