甘肃省面向“一带一路”沿线出口贸易格局演变及其影响因素分析

“一带一路”倡议为西北内陆地区扩大对外开放、共享新时代国家改革发展成果带来了重大机遇。在“一带一路”倡议背景下,考察内陆省份对外贸易的地理空间转向及其影响因素,具有重要的现实意义。利用2000—2016年中国海关进出口数据库,采用GIS空间分析法、RCA指数,分析了甘肃省出口贸易产业的时空格局演变,并通过构建拓展引力模型,对甘肃省面向“一带一路”沿线国家或地区的出口贸易影响因素进行深入分析。研究表明：（1）21世纪以来,甘肃省对外出口的贸易规模和份额发生了较大的空间转向,主要在“一路”和“一带”东、西两个方向呈现波动转移,出口市场多元化的态势日趋显现;（2）金融危机前后两阶段各产业RCA指数走势分化明显,初级产品和资源性制成品逐渐失去比较优势,中高技术含量制成品的出口份额有所增加,但仍处于比较劣势地位;（3）模型实证检验得出双边经济规模、华人数量对于贸易增长具有促进作用,地理距离和人口数量呈负向作用关系。最后在此基础上提出相应的政策建议。     

Characteristics of Agricultural and Livestock Products Trade Flows between China and the “Belt and Road” Initiative Region: From the Perspective of Biocapacity

In the context of global ecological overload, international trade has become one of the most important ways to make up for the ecological deficit. This study takes the “Belt and Road” Initiative as the study area to analyze the biocapacity and ecological footprint characteristics between China and other countries along the “Belt and Road” Initiative. Trade flow characteristics were explored from the perspective of biocapacity. The import and export of virtual land was used to assess the effect of trade on compensating for the resource gaps in crop and grazing land. The main results show that: 1) In 2005-2014, the majority of “Belt and Road” countries were experiencing increasing degrees of overload. In China, cropland takes up the largest proportion of biocapacity, while the ecological footprint is dominated by the carbon footprint. 2) The trade flow of agricultural and livestock products in the mainland of China shows a trend of increasing imports and decreasing exports, which increases dependence on specific regions. 3) In 2005-2014, China’s trade in cereals and oil crops along the “Belt and Road” Initiative were generally net imports, and the share of cereals traded along the “Belt and Road” Initiative is increasing gradually, but that of oil crops decreased rapidly. 4) The import trade has alleviated ecological deficit, as the selected products compensated for 1.03 times of the cropland deficit and 0.65 times of the grazing land deficit in China. This study is helpful to understand the relationship between the land use and trade deeply, and provide decision-making references for reducing ecological deficits, optimizing land resource allocation, and promoting win-win cooperation among China and other countries in the “Belt and Road” Initiative.     

“一带一路”技术贸易格局演化研究

论文利用2001—2015年国家(地区)间的知识产权贸易额,通过构建全球和“一带一路”技术贸易网络,从技术供给和技术销售层面刻画了“一带一路”技术贸易格局及其动态变化过程,研究发现：① 在“一带一路”内部技术贸易网络中,内部技术进口格局由独联体、中东欧地区主导向东亚地区主导转变,内部技术出口格局由西亚地区“一极主导”向东盟-西亚-东亚“三极主导”格局转变,“一带一路”在内部国家(地区)技术供给链中的地位非常低下,大量的技术需要从外部进口,但“一带一路”作为技术销售市场在内部国家(地区)技术销售链中的地位显著提升;② 在“一带一路”外部技术贸易网络中,外部技术进口格局由东盟向东亚更替,而外部技术出口格局始终由以新加坡为核心的东盟地区主导,“一带一路”在国际技术销售市场中的地位显著提升,但其在国际技术供给链中的地位十分低下;③ 从技术贸易类型上看,内流型国家(地区)占主导,大部分“一带一路”国家(地区)依赖内部技术贸易来实现技术互补,而高技术贸易额国家(地区)大多都为“两头在外”型,“一带一路”区域技术贸易网络尚未形成。     

贸易保护如何改变中国光伏出口目的国格局?

以欧美对中国光伏反倾销、反补贴（“双反”）事件为例,使用网络分析研究2009—2015年世界光伏贸易格局,以Logit模型探讨2009—2011年和2011—2013年中国210个地级市与175个目的国的光伏贸易演变。结果表明,“双反”后中国与欧美贸易量急剧下降,与非“双反”国家贸易量有所提升,主要目的国从德国、荷兰、意大利和美国转向日本、韩国、印度和新加坡。政策激励促进光伏出口,且“双反”后政策效力增强。出口关联显著提升正常贸易环境下出口增长,“双反”后则为负向作用。加工贸易比重高的区域受到贸易保护冲击更为严重。市场多元化不能缓冲“双反”冲击,目的国中心性高有利于建立稳健贸易联系。政策激励在光伏贸易中作用突出,减少直接补贴,增加创新奖励是政策优化方向。     

Living in a High Mountain Border Region： the Case of the ＇Bhotiyas＇ of the Indo-Chinese Border Region

This article introduces one of South Asia＇s most important border regions into academic discourse, namely, the Central Himalayan mountain rim separating India and the Tibetan Autonomous Region （People＇s Republic of China）. What makes this border region so interesting is a tangled interplay of changing environmental, cultural, and political forms to which the local populations constantly have to adapt in order to make a living there. We focused on the so-called ＇Bhotiyas＇ of Uttarakhand, former trans- Himalayan traders whose ethnicity and livelihood was traditionally associated with the Indo-Chinese border that was sealed as a result of the India-China war in 1962. Drawing on the work of borderland scholarship, we identified the key processes and developments that changed the perspective of this area. Competing political aspirations as well as the ＇Bhotiyas＇ countervailing strategies were considered equally important for understanding local livelihoods and identities within the dynamics of a ＇high mountain border region＇. Through an exemplary analysis of historical differences of power in one ＇Bhotiya＇ valley, we further explored the ways in which shifting socio-spatial constellations are creatively re-interpreted by the borderlanders.     

The Factors that Drive Forestry Export Ties: A Network Perspective

Abstract

Forestry exports are considered one of the major drivers of forest loss worldwide, especially for developing nations. Building on these insights, this article considers the factors that explain forestry flows using a network perspective. Using network data from measuring forestry export flows between all nations from 1997 to 2012, this article offers an explanation for what factors contribute to the network ties of exporting nations in the global forestry network. Fixed effects negative binomial regression analysis for a panel of 94 low- and middle-income nations shows that economic and neo-institutional factors are the strongest predictors of forestry export network ties. The findings have important theoretical and methodological implications. Future research may aim to incorporate more explicit ideas of social connectedness to their cross-national analyses by integrating a network perspective.     

Agricultural and forestry trade drives large share of tropical deforestation emissions

Deforestation, the second largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, is largely driven by expanding forestry and agriculture. However, despite agricultural expansion being increasingly driven by foreign demand, the links between deforestation and foreign demand for agricultural commodities have only been partially mapped. Here we present a pan-tropical quantification of carbon emissions from deforestation associated with the expansion of agriculture and forest plantations, and trace embodied emissions through global supply chains to consumers. We find that in the period 2010–2014, expansion of agriculture and tree plantations into forests across the tropics was associated with net emissions of approximately 2.6 gigatonnes carbon dioxide per year. Cattle and oilseed products account for over half of these emissions. Europe and China are major importers, and for many developed countries, deforestation emissions embodied in imports rival or exceed emissions from domestic agriculture. Depending on the trade model used, 29–39% of deforestation-related emissions were driven by international trade. This is substantially higher than the share of fossil carbon emissions embodied in trade, indicating that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change need to consider the role of international demand in driving deforestation. Additionally, we find that deforestation emissions are similar to, or larger than, other emissions in the carbon footprint of key forest-risk commodities. Similarly, deforestation emissions constitute a substantial share (˜15%) of the total carbon footprint of food consumption in EU countries. This highlights the need for consumption-based accounts to include emissions from deforestation, and for the implementation of policy measures that cross these international supply-chains if deforestation emissions are to be effectively reduced.     

基于多区域投入产出模型中美贸易隐含能源、碳排放的测算

采用多区域投入产出模型（MRIO）,利用欧盟资助开发的世界投入产出表和环境账户数据,测算了1995—2009年中国与美国的增加值贸易规模及净值,在此基础上利用环境账户中的能源消耗和碳排放数据测算出中美外贸隐含能源和隐含碳排放总体水平及其行业结构。研究表明：1995—2009年,中国对美国的增加值出口保持持续增长的态势,尤其是在中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）后,但随后受2008年全球经济危机的影响,中国增加值出口规模有所减小;相比于美国,中国单位增加值能耗和碳排放水平较高,从而导致较大规模的隐含能源和隐含碳出口,长期处于隐含能源和隐含碳净输出国地位,且净输出规模呈现出上升的趋势;从行业结构来看,电力、燃气及水的供应业等能源行业是中国出口隐含能源和隐含碳排放的主要行业来源。     

中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易格局及其经济贡献

"五通"(即政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通)是"一带一路"对外合作战略的重点。中国各省(市、区)对"一带一路"沿线国家的出口,是"贸易畅通、资金融通"等的主要内容。本文根据最新的国际贸易中心统计数据、2014年中国海关统计数据以及2010年30省区市区域间投入产出表,分析了中国与"一带一路"沿线国家的贸易相互依赖关系以及中国各省(市、区)出口对其经济增长的贡献。结果表明,中国与"一带一路"沿线国家间的贸易依赖程度加深,同时呈现出不对称性;进一步从省(市、区)域层面来看,沿海省份对"一带一路"沿线国家的出口对其GDP增长的贡献较高,新疆对中亚5国的贸易对其GDP增长的贡献非常高,对中亚5国的出口有着很强的依赖性。     

The neoliberal elephant: Exploring the impacts of the trade ban in ivory on the commodification and neoliberalisation of elephants

This paper uses a case study that explores the impacts of the ivory trade ban on elephant management in Namibia to illuminate the processes and complexities associated with the commodification and neoliberalisation of nature. The paper demonstrates that the ivory trade ban neither prevents the commodification of elephants, nor hampers the neoliberalisation of nature. By tracing Namibia’s experience associated with applying market based approaches to elephant conservation, this paper highlights that the ivory trade ban is only one obstacle among many which prevent the commodification of the ‘living’ elephant. Analysing Namibia’s experiences alongside the wider debates informing elephant conservation reveals that actors of preservation and sustainable utilisation produce elephants. In particular, during the events leading up to the 1989 ivory trade ban, advocates of preservation produced a very lucrative representation of the elephant that relies on market mechanisms. This image has become a powerful commodity that competes with parts of the biophysical elephant (particularly its ivory) and therefore creates new and contesting ways in which elephants can be commodified.