中国对外贸易和FDI跨地区演变路径与特征

中国对外贸易迅速增长的同时,研究跨地区对外贸易差异性有利于促进中国对外贸易的深层次发展.通过重心分析方法实证研究了中国对外贸易与外商直接投资(FDI)重心的动态演变路径、经纬度差异性及其互动特征,揭示了对外贸易重心向"东北-西南-东北"方向移动的整体趋势以及由分散走向聚合的经纬度变化特征,阐明了FDI与对外贸易之间存在互补关系,且FDI重心较对外贸易重心提前同向移动的时间间隔约为3年.研究结论对中国优化对外贸易的地区分布具有一定的政策借鉴意义.     

Interannual Weakening of the Tropical Pacific Walker Circulation Due to Strong Tropical Volcanism

In order to examine the response of the tropical Pacific Walker circulation(PWC) to strong tropical volcanic eruptions(SVEs), we analyzed a three-member long-term simulation performed with Had CM3, and carried out four additional CAM4 experiments. We found that the PWC shows a significant interannual weakening after SVEs. The cooling effect from SVEs is able to cool the entire tropics. However, cooling over the Maritime Continent is stronger than that over the central-eastern tropical Pacific. Thus, non-uniform zonal temperature anomalies can be seen following SVEs. As a result, the sea level pressure gradient between the tropical Pacific and the Maritime Continent is reduced, which weakens trade winds over the tropical Pacific. Therefore, the PWC is weakened during this period. At the same time, due to the cooling subtropical and midlatitude Pacific, the Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) and South Pacific convergence zone(SPCZ) are weakened and shift to the equator. These changes also contribute to the weakened PWC. Meanwhile, through the positive Bjerknes feedback, weakened trade winds cause El Nino-like SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific, which in turn further influence the PWC. Therefore, the PWC significantly weakens after SVEs. The CAM4 experiments further confirm the influences from surface cooling over the Maritime Continent and subtropical/midlatitude Pacific on the PWC. Moreover, they indicate that the stronger cooling over the Maritime Continent plays a dominant role in weakening the PWC after SVEs. In the observations,a weakened PWC and a related El Nino-like SST pattern can be found following SVEs.     

中国电子机械制造业产品内出口贸易空间布局

电子机械制造业产品在中国对外贸易中占有重要地位,以产品内贸易视角研究其出口空间布局有助于剖析中国出口体系结构特征。在区分中间、最终产品,一般、加工贸易的前提下,本文观察了出口所在地和目的国两个维度中国电子机械制造业产品出口企业空间布局,并基于技术关联探讨了其动态演化的驱动因素。结果如下:①在全国层面,除加工贸易最终产品外,一般贸易中间产品、加工贸易中间产品和一般贸易最终产品与某地产品结构的技术关联程度越高,对应的出口企业越可能到该地进行出口。在东部地区,上述关系在4类产品中均存在,而在中部和西部地区,其只存在于一般贸易产品。②一般贸易产品与某国从中国进口的产品结构技术关联程度越高,对应企业越倾向于出口到该国。但依据收入水平将目的国分组后,这种促进关系在高收入国家中不存在。加工贸易产品出口企业目的国布局与对应技术关联程度无明显关系。     

贸易壁垒、市场相关多样化与城市出口韧性

近年来,逆全球化趋势上升,许多国家对中国竖起贸易壁垒,在此背景下,如何提升城市的出口韧性已成为重要研究议题。现有文献普遍关注本地产业结构与区域韧性的关系,发现多样化产业结构有助于缓解贸易壁垒造成的外部冲击,但是较少探讨外部市场结构的作用。本文使用2001—2016年中国海关数据库贸易数据,引入市场关联概念,首次构建市场相关多样化指标,研究在贸易壁垒冲击下,中国城市出口市场相关多样化对城市出口韧性的影响。研究发现:(1)市场相关多样化程度较高的城市,表现出更高的城市出口韧性,其可借助互补性的出口经验和风险分散的市场结构,减小贸易壁垒产生的直接和间接影响。(2)外资比例较高、具有国家级经济开发区的城市,由于城市内部企业集聚程度高和信息交流频繁,更容易发挥市场相关多样化的作用。(3)城市相关多样化的市场结构很难抵抗发达国家(地区)贸易壁垒带来的冲击。本文认为地方政府应高度重视城市出口韧性,积极招商引资、申请经济开发区、保持对外联系,推动企业集聚、多举办展会以促进企业间贸易经验交流,尤其是要促进发展中国家的出口信息扩散,要积极引导本地企业利用本地已有贸易市场信息,拓展新市场。     

EN LANDBRUGSGEOGRAFISK ANALYSE AF GADBJERG OG GIVSKUD SOGNE

Jensen, Kr. M. and Jensen R. Helkiær: En landbrugsgeografisk analyse af Gadbjerg og Givskud sogne. Geografisk Tidsskrift 76: 34—51. København juni 1. 1977.

The agricultural development in two parishes in a former heath region in Central Jylland has been investigated. The expansion of farmland up to the turn of the century was especially in Givskud replaced by a regression period with afforestation of marginal areas. The farmers are now increasing the size of their holdings and the specialization on few crops involves a more uniform land-use.     

A Review of “The Future Control of Food: A Guide to International Negotiations and Rules on Intellectual Property,Biodiversity and Food Security”

Abstract

Surface soil texture controls many important ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic processes in arid regions and is therefore important from a land-management perspective. Soil survey efforts have traditionally fulfilled this need, but they are constrained by the size, remoteness, and inaccessibility of many arid regions, which renders simple field measurements prohibitively expensive. This article compares several different predictive soil-mapping techniques with a sparse data set in order to develop surficial soil texture maps. Our results suggest that data collected at the landscape scale can be used as input to predictive soil-mapping techniques to create maps of soil texture at higher fidelity and a fraction of the cost than would be required using traditional methods.     

Trade Disputes,Dispute Settlement Mechanisms,and Local Development

Dispute settlement mechanisms (DSMs), and the institutional architecture of free trade agreements, have been neglected in economic geography's contemplations of international trade or globalization. This article highlights the role of DSMs in free trade agreements, especially in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO), and draws out some implications for local development. The study reviews literatures that have addressed the mandate and rationale of the WTO's formal and legalistic DSM, paying especial attention to the realist perspective on international trade, the issue of fairness, and implications of asymmetric power relations for local development. Economic geographers need to incorporate free trade institutional architectures in contemplations of local development.     

A COMPUTER SOLUTION FOR DETERMINING STUDENT MIGRATION∗

Western investment and trade in East-Central Europe is likely to play a key role in the economic fortunes of the region over the next decade. Currently, the capital cities and the western parts of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary are the primary beneficiaries of economic interaction with the West. As such, existing regional inequalities are being reinforced. Deepening regional socioeconomic disparities within individual states could complicate the economic restructuring process and jeopardize state stability in the years ahead.     

China's carbon emissions and international trade: implications for post-2012 policy

Growing international trade has been one of the most important drivers for China's recent economic growth. This growth has fed rapid increases in energy demand and carbon emissions since 2000. China is now the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide. There is mounting pressure from some in the international community for China to take specific actions to mitigate its emissions as part of a post-2012 climate regime. However, emissions embodied in internationally traded goods have not been given enough attention in this debate. This article discusses the results of research to quantify the emissions stemming from goods that are exported from China to other countries. It finds that these emissions accounted for 23% of China's national total in 2004. The article sets out how this result has been obtained and compares it to the results of several other pieces of research to demonstrate the importance of this issue. Some pointers for international climate policy are then discussed, including the advantages and difficulties of moving to consumption-based emissions accounting, and implications for international trade rules.     

The political economy and geopolitical context of India's economic crisis, 1990–91

The Indian economy suffered a balance of payment crisis in 1991, which provided the context for the rolling out of neoliberal policies, also referred to as the New Economic Policy in India. This paper examines the national and global causes and context of India's economic crisis and adoption of neoliberal policies. While grounding my analysis in historical‐geographical materialism, I argue that India's economic crisis was a product of certain contingent conditions. I draw attention to India's pre‐neoliberal economic regime and analyse how the earlier‐established relationship between revenue generation and expenditure ran into trouble; what changes occurred in the organization and management of revenues and capital; nature of interventions of the state in the circulation of capital; changes in the physical aspects of circulation of commodities, together with foreign trade and the formation of the ‘world market’; and the rise of the United States as the only global superpower. I conclude that India's economic crisis of 1990–91, and the neoliberal policies that followed, are products of contingent historical and geographical conditions. A teleological approach towards examining global capitalism and production of economic crisis often neglect such contingencies and provide a set of causalities that may, at best, be classified as incomplete.