中国国际河流研究进展

1IntroductionThe increasing momentum of economic globalization and regional geopolitical cooperation no longer stand as the major drivers of a new world order. Resource and environmental diplomacy are now regarded as new elements establishing future international patterns. Transboundary resources and environmental issues in international river basins have attracted increasing global concern and professional attention. The impact of such issues penetrates into national security, international e…     

美国大都市旅游带的生长机理及其启示

以纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥为核心的美国三大都市旅游带,是伴随着美国城市化的形成而出现的。在美国三大都市旅游带的发展进程中,城市郊区化起了积极的联结与推进作用。某种意义上说,是郊区化的出现导致了多中心城市空间结构的形成和巨型城市带的兴起,进而促进了大都市旅游带的形成。比较美国三大都市旅游带与我国沿海大都市旅游带的发展,美国作为城市化高度发达国家,在城市化的进程中,城市空间规模的扩张、城市数量的增多和城市经济规模的扩大,推动了都市旅游带的发展。美国都市旅游带的生成特征与生长机理对我国沿海都市旅游带发展具有一定的启示。     

美、日、韩动漫产业发展经验及对我国的启示

目前,动漫产业已发展成庞大产业集群和消费市场,全球形成了美、日、韩三足鼎立的动漫市场格局。我国动漫产业方兴未艾,有关省市积极发展这一新兴产业,但产业规模小,产业链结构不合理,市场化运作不规范,专业人才短缺,明显落后于美、日、韩等国。本文基于我国比较优势,提出旨在发展和提升动漫产业竞争力的若干见解。首先是弘扬传统文化,塑造深入人心的动漫形象;其次,重视动漫产业链中上游产品的设计和原创,着力开发动漫产业链中相关的衍生产品,进一步优化产业链;第三,寻求适合本国动漫发展产业模式和创建和谐、良性的产业竞争内外部环境。     

Ellipsoidal vertical deflections and ellipsoidal gravity disturbance: Case studies

First, we present three different definitions of the vertical which relate to (i) astronomical longitude and astronomical latitude as spherical coordinates in gravity space, (ii) Gauss surface normal coordinates (also called geodetic coordinates) of type ellipsoidal longitude and ellipsoidal latitude and (iii) Jacobi ellipsoidal coordinates of type spheroidal longitude and spheroidal latitude in geometry space. Up to terms of second order those vertical deflections agree to each other. Vertical deflections and gravity disturbances relate to a reference gravity potential. In order to refer the horizontal and vertical components of the disturbing gravity field to a reference gravity field, which is physically meaningful, we have chosen the Somigliana-Pizzetti gravity potential as well as its gradient. Second, we give a new closed-form representation of Somigliana-Pizzetti gravity, accurate to the sub Nano Gal level. Third, we represent the gravitational disturbing potential in terms of Jacobi ellipsoidal harmonics. As soon as we take reference to a normal potential of Somigliana-Pizzetti type, the ellipsoidal harmonics of degree/order (0,0), (1,0), (1, − 1), (1,1) and (2,0) are eliminated from the gravitational disturbing potential. Fourth, we compute in all detail the gradient of the gravitational disturbing potential, in particular in orthonormal ellipsoidal vector harmonics. Proper weighting functions for orthonormality on the International Reference Ellipsoid are constructed and tabulated. In this way, we finally arrive at an ellipsoidal harmonic representation of vertical deflections and gravity disturbances. Fifth, for an ellipsoidal harmonic Gravity Earth Model (SEGEN: http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/gi/research/paper/coefficients/coefficients.zip) up to degree/order 360/360 we compute the global maps of ellipsoidal vertical deflections and ellipsoidal gravity disturbances which transfer a great amount of geophysical information in a properly chosen equiareal ellipsoidal map projection.     

第3代国际通信系统控制数据

第3代国际气象通信系统是中国气象局面向未来,适应全球通信系统(GTS)发展计划的新一代通信系统。该系统既可以支持原有的报文交换,又可以支持文件交换。第3代国际通信系统中控制数据是国际通信系统运行的基础,这对国际通信系统中控制数据和控制数据制作也提出了更高的要求,要求控制数据制作独立于国际通信系统之外。并且,要求控制数据制作和维护简单、快捷、可靠。该文介绍了控制数据的稳定性、精确性、灵活性、复杂性等特点,控制数据对文件级、公报级、报告级收发、编辑、收集、归档等处理的作用,控制数据文件的制作方法,新旧控制数据在制作方面的优缺点比较。     

哈萨克斯坦地震地下流体监测的现状

首先回顾了在过去的近40年中,哈萨克斯坦地震地下流体观测经历了“初期建设、系统清理、政策调整和优化提高”4个阶段,逐步形成了目前与中国地震局北京地区地震地下流体监测网相当的规模;其次,简述了哈方流体监测台网的分布情况,并就其观测项目、使用仪器及台站布设密度等现状问题和中国新疆地震局进行了对比分析。     

United international central city: A new spatial organization model in tumen river economy development zone

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Measuring Seismic Waves Induced by Large Earthquakes with GPS

Independent GPS position solutions at 1-sec interval, derived from the International GPS Service (IGS) data and orbit÷clock products, clearly show seismic waves generated by the magnitude 7.9 Denali Fault, Alaska earthquake of November 3, 2002. Surface seismic waves with periods of about 20 sec and amplitudes of up to 20 cm were detected up to 4,000 km from the epicenter. This confirms the previous findings reported by Larson et al. (2003); we use additional station data along with different processing software and strategies. The seismic waves from the May 26, 2003 magnitude 7.0 Japanese earthquake were also observed in the 1-sec position solution series at station MIZU, about 80 km from the epicenter. This earthquake, however, could not be detected by GPS at station USUD, about 410 km away. Similarly, the Algerian May 21, 2003 earthquake of magnitude 6.8 could not be detected by GPS at the nearest IGS station located approximately 800 km from the epicenter.     

国家公园公益化管理国外相关研究及启示

国家公园通过公益化管理体现其公益性。相关主体行为是相应管理的主要对象,以使之产生正外部性,减少或消除其负外部性。国外国家公园已有100多年的公益化管理实践,产生了大量研究。论文分析、归纳国外学者在相关方面所关注的主要内容,并系统梳理针对这些内容的研究,总结出其对国内国家公园公益化管理中应对现实问题、达成“理顺权属关系、扩大社会参与、实现公益服务、保障社区利益”等目标的启示：非国有土地管理合约化、管理权限系统化、保护责任制度化、社会募捐常态化、生态保护科学化;以及通过构建渠道、科学组织实现公众参与保护及管理;以体现公益、优化体验、环境教育为目标提供游憩服务;以正外部性最大、负外部性最小为原则对企业及访客进行管理;以激励相融、利益保障为原则实现社区共管共享等。     

1948—2018年国际河流跨境水冲突的时空演化规律

随着全球气候变化和人类社会经济高速发展,水资源供需矛盾日益突出,国际河流流域跨境水冲突不断加剧,其时空演化规律成为当前跨学科研究的热点和难点。为此,从水冲突“事件—关系”视角,对1948—2018年间全球跨境水冲突的时空演化规律进行系统分析发现：① 1948—2018年全球跨境水冲突规模总体呈非单调波动增长态势,在1987年前后发生显著突变,表现出兼具趋势性、突变性和波动性等多维特征的非单调动力过程;② 全球跨境水冲突事件以围绕水文干预和资源权属争夺的低强度事件为主,大坝等水利工程建设引发的冲突显著增加,南亚、西亚和东非地区成为主导全球跨境水冲突趋势演化的“序参量”;③ 全球跨境水冲突呈现由单中心向多中心格局转变的空间扩散趋势,但“北多南少、东多西少、相对集中”的总体不均衡格局基本锁定,形成以30°N为中心、横跨南亚—中亚—西亚—东非高水资源压力区的水冲突密集带;④ 国家间跨境水冲突关系趋于普遍化、复杂化和网络化,发育多个流域性网络社团,但水冲突关系的“马太效应”和极化分布特征持续显著,产生“路径锁定”效应;水冲突“规模—强度”关系存在一定的空间错配。