High‐grade metamorphism and partial melting of basic and intermediate rocks

Rocks of basic and intermediate bulk composition occur in orogenic terranes from all geological time periods and are thought to represent significant petrological components of the middle and lower continental crust. However, the former lack of appropriate thermodynamic models for silicate melt, amphibole and clinopyroxene that can be applied to such lithologies at high temperature has inhibited effective phase equilibrium modelling of their petrological evolution during amphibolite‐ and granulite facies metamorphism. In this work, we present phase diagrams calculated in the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O₂ (NCKFMASHTO) compositional system for a range of natural basic and intermediate bulk compositions for conditions of 2–12 kbar and 600–1050 ^°C using newly parameterized activity–composition relationships detailed in a companion paper by Green et al. in this issue. Particular attention is given to mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and diorite protolith bulk compositions. Calculated subsolidus mineral assemblages in all basic and intermediate rock types are modally dominated by hornblende and plagioclase, with variable proportions of epidote, clinopyroxene, garnet, biotite, muscovite, quartz, titanite or ilmenite present at different pressures. The H₂O‐saturated (wet) solidus has a negative P?T slope and occurs between ～620–690 ^°C at mid‐ to lower‐crustal pressures of 5–10 kbar. The lowest‐T melts generated close to the wet solidus are calculated to have granitic major‐element oxide compositions. Melting at higher temperature is attributed primarily to multivariate hydrate‐breakdown reactions involving biotite and/or hornblende. Partial melt compositions calculated at 800–1050 ^°C for MORB show good correlation with analysed compositions of experimental glasses produced via hydrate‐breakdown melting of natural and synthetic basic protoliths, with Niggli norms indicating that they would crystallize to trondhjemite or tonalite. Diorite is shown to be significantly more fertile than MORB and is calculated to produce high‐T melts (>800 ^°C) of granodioritic composition. Subsolidus and suprasolidus mineral assemblages show no significant variation between different members of the basalt family, although the P?T conditions at which orthopyroxene stabilizes, thus defining the prograde amphibolite–granulite transition, is strongly dependent on bulk‐rock oxidation state and water content. The petrological effects of open‐ and closed‐system processes on the mineral assemblages produced during prograde metamorphism and preserved during retrograde metamorphism are also examined via a case‐study analysis of a natural Archean amphibolite from the Lewisian Complex, northwest Scotland.     

基于四分图模型的温泉游客满意度测评及其应用研究——以聚龙湾天然温泉旅游度假村为例

首次将四分图模型应用于旅游度假游客满意度评价领域,构建温泉旅游度假游客满意度测评体系,并基于聚龙湾天然温泉旅游度假村的游客调研,确定各满意度因素的重要度和满意度,据此构造相应的四分图,充分展示该地游客满意度系列优势因素、改进因素、机会因素和维持因素.深入分析发现,不同特征的游客对温泉度假产品的满意度存在差异;温泉游客对...     

Stock changes or fluxes? Resolving terminological confusion in the debate on land-use change and forestry

Abstract

This article collates definitions of some key terms commonly used in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting for the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, and highlights areas of ambiguity and divergent interpretations of key concepts. It uses the example of harvested wood products to demonstrate the impact of different interpretations. The objective is to facilitate clear communication amongst negotiators and practitioners in relation to the terms emissions, removals, sources and sinks. Confusion and misunderstandings that have arisen in the past are rooted in diverging interpretations of the terms ‘emissions’ and ‘removals’ in the context of land use and wood products. One interpretation sees emissions and removals to be approximated by a change in carbon stocks in a number of selected carbon pools that may include or exclude harvested wood products. Another interpretation views emissions and removals as gross fluxes between the atmosphere and the land/wood products system. The various alternative approaches that have been proposed for reporting for harvested wood products are applicable to one or the other of these interpretations: the stock-change and production approaches, focused on stock changes, are applicable to the first interpretation; whereas the atmospheric flow and simple decay approaches focus on fluxes, as in the second interpretation. Whether emissions/removals are approximated by stock change or from gross fluxes, it is critical that a consistent approach is applied across the whole LULUCF/AFOLU sector. Approaches based on stock change are recommended over those based on fluxes.     

三种全球预报产品中国区近地面气温短期预报效果检验

全球气象预报产品是扩散模式、空气质量模式的重要基础资料和前提条件,其误差直接影响模拟结果的准确度。为考察不同气象预报产品的误差,选取2016年6月至2017年5月GFS、ECMWF、T639三种全球气象预报产品,利用中国2100个地面观测站数据,对预报产品中近地面气温进行了对比,并分析了其在不同季节、不同区域的特征。结果表明：在中国区域三种气象产品气温预报存在偏低预报的趋势,其均方根误差的年平均值为2.60—3.52℃,相关系数的年平均值为0.89—0.92,平均绝对误差的年平均值为1.87—2.67℃。整体而言,EC表现最佳,其余依次为GFS、T639。气温预报误差存在季节变化特征,三种产品均方根误差与平均绝对误差均表现为夏秋季优于春冬季,相关系数表现为秋冬季优于春夏季。气温预报误差存在明显的地域差异,三种气象预报产品的气温误差空间分布特征较为相似,在中国华东地区误差值表现较低,在西南地区误差较高。同时,其误差水平在中国沿海地区表现较低,在地形复杂地区表现较高。     

武汉市冬季大雪分析预报

使用常规气象观测资料和数值预报产品,分析了1951-2005年冬季发生在武汉市的大雪过程,结果表明:武汉市冬季出现积雪深度大于5 cm的天气事件的概率大约为每年2 d,主要发生在1月,其次是2月;大气层结条件是产生降雪的关键,地面冷空气、中低层江南西南急流和中层西风带低槽是决定武汉市冬季大雪的3个主要天气系统,中低层江...     

Numerical solution of the discontinuous-bottom Shallow-water Equations with hydrostatic pressure distribution at the step

Free-surface flows are usually modelled by means of the Shallow-water Equations: this system of hyperbolic equations exhibits a source term which is proportional to the product of the water depth by the bed slope, and which takes into account the effect of gravity onto fluid mass. Recently, much attention has been paid to the case in which bottom discontinuities are present in the physical domain to be represented: in this case, it is difficult to define the non-conservative product in the distributional sense. Here, the discontinuous-bottom Shallow-water Equations with hydrostatic pressure distribution at the bed step (Bernetti et al., 2006) are discussed in the context of the theory of Dal Maso et al. (1995) [9]; finally, a first-order numerical scheme is presented, which is consistent for regular solutions, and which is able to capture contact discontinuities at bottom steps. Numerous tests are presented to show the feasibility of the scheme and its ability to converge to the exact solution in the cases of smooth as well as discontinuous bed profiles.     

8.12桦南清晨局地突发短时冰雹过程分析

本文对2010年8月12日清晨桦南县发生的局地突发短时冰雹天气进行了天气成因分析,表明冷锋前强烈上升气流为冰雹云形成提供了动力条件,锋前新生对流云团发展形成冰雹云。利用雷达基本数据产品揭示了冰雹云形成发展、成熟和消散全过程的主要回波特征,并应用雷达产品对冰雹的识别及与人工识别进行对比,其产品比人工提前10分钟识别冰雹,具有很高的临近冰雹预警应用性能。     

老挝NM地区地球物理勘查效果

在老挝中北部的热带雨林地区,进行了高精度磁法和激电中梯法测量。根据该区的地质特征,分析得出磁、电异常区走向总体呈NWW向分布,其分布范围基本与接触带矽卡岩矿化体的分布范围相一致。通过对比高精度磁法和激电中梯法的找矿效果,发现在热带雨林地区运用高精度磁法测量要明显好于激电中梯测量,同时高精度磁法测量还具有成本低、便于操作等优点。     

Product formation from the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals and O3 with a series of monoterpenes

The formation yields of nine carbonyl products are reported from the gas-phase OH radical-initiated reactions (in the presence of NO _x ) and the O₃ reactions with seven monoterpenes. The products were identified using GC/MS and GC-FTIR and quantified by GC-FID analyses of samples collected on Tenax solid adsorbent cartridges. The identities of products from camphene, limonene and -pinene were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. Sufficient quantities of products from the 3-carene, limonene, -pinene, sabinene and terpinolene reactions were isolated to allow structural confirmation by proton NMR spectroscopy. The measured total carbonyl formation yields ranged from non-detectable for the OH radical reaction with camphene and the O₃ reactions with 3-carene and limonene to 0.5 for the OH radical reaction with limonene and the O₃ reaction with sabinene.     

T63数值预报产品图形处理系统

用于Ｔ６３数值预报产品输出的图形系统是一个具有资料获取，数据建筑，数值内插，等值线求算，平滑，图形显示和人工干预等多种功能的实时业务系统，该系统用户界面友好，操作简便，产品内容丰富，图形分析质量高，速度快，实时性强，是进行天气预报和数值预报分析的有力工具。