我国不同类型盆地高效大中型气田形成的主控因素

利用天然气地质储量、含气面积和成藏时期, 定义和求取了气藏天然气聚集效率.通过我国60余个大中型气田天然气聚集效率的计算, 将其分为高效、中效和低效3种类型.通过天然气聚集效率与各种成藏条件叠合研究得到, 我国不同类型盆地高效大中型气田形成主要受源岩供气能力、输导层输导能力和天然气封盖保存能力的控制.要形成高效大中型气田, 源岩生气强度前陆盆地一般应大于80×108 m3/km2·Ma, 克拉通盆地一般应大于26×108 m3/km2·Ma, 裂谷盆地应大于60×108 m3/km2·Ma.输导层输导天然气能力前陆盆地和裂谷盆地应大于5×10-14 m/Pa·s, 克拉通盆地一般应大于6×10-12m/Pa·s.盖层封盖能力CSI前陆盆地一般应大于1×1010 m/s, 克拉通盆地一般应大于5×109 m/s, 裂谷盆地一般应大于3×1010 m/s.天然气成藏期前陆盆地一般应晚于古近纪中期, 而克拉通和裂谷盆地均应晚于古近纪早期.      

南黄海西部中层冷水特征的时空变化

根据 1 959- 1 996年 4- 6月水温资料 ,按 30′× 30′方区统计计算了南黄海 ( 34°～ 37°30′N ,1 2 2°～ 1 2 4°30′E)中层冷水的 8个示性特征值 ,并绘制了平面分布图。分析结果表明 ,南黄海西部中层冷水于 4月形成 ,5月达到盛期 ,6月开始消衰 ,生消规律具有明显的季节性 ;出现的海区为 34°～ 37°30′N ,1 2 4°0 0′E以西 (即黄海暖流向西北伸展路径 )海域 ,具有明显的地域性。同时 ,示性特征的时 -空分布变化还反映出 :在形成期其下方黄海暖流对它的重要影响。这将对于探讨海洋热、动力因子对研究海区中层冷水生消机制奠定了实验基础。     

桂北高邦山中基性岩体的铜镍成矿性研究

高邦山中基性岩体形成于四堡运动的构造岩浆活动,是桂北地区出露最大的基性岩体,出露面积20km^2以上.对该岩体的岩相、地球化学、稀土元素组成等特征的研究表明,其与区内层状、似层状成矿基性杂岩体相比,具有同源岩浆成因,并有着更好的深部岩浆分异作用和良好成矿地质条件.研究认为,该类岩体底部、下部的岩浆通道及附近断裂构造为重要的成矿场所.首次在岩体内发现受断裂控制的矿化超基性岩,这对桂北铜镍矿找矿有着重要的启示作用.     

我国矿产资源及矿产品供需形势与建议

为了让国内地质矿产勘查和矿业经济部门及时了解我国矿产资源及矿产品供需形势,介绍了“2006中国矿产资源及矿产品供需形势分析报告会”的内容要点。着重对2006年前三季度我国矿产品供需形势进行了深入分析。根据我国矿产资源的主要特点、矿产品供需形势及存在的问题,提出了若干建议。     

Yerranderie a Late Devonian Silver–Gold–Lead Intermediate Sulfidation Epithermal District, Eastern Lachlan Orogen, New South Wales, Australia

Felsic volcanic units of the Early Devonian Bindook Volcanic Complex host the Yerranderie epithermal silver–gold–lead district 94 km west–southwest of Sydney. Mineralization in the district forms part of a fault‐controlled, intermediate sulfidation, epithermal silver–gold–base metal vein system that has significant mineral and alteration zonation. Stage 1 of the mineral paragenesis in the veins developed quartz and carbonate with early pyrite, whereas stage 2 is a crustiform banded quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite assemblage. Stage 3, the main stage of sulfide deposition, comprises early sphalerite, followed by a tetrahedrite–tennantite–gold assemblage, then a galena–chalcopyrite–native silver–pyrite assemblage, and finally a pyrargyrite–polybasite–pearceite assemblage. Stage 4 involves the deposition of quartz veins with minor (late) pyrite and stage 5 is characterized by siderite that infilled remaining voids. Mineral zonation occurs along the Yerranderie Fault, with bornite being restricted to the Colon Peaks–Silver Peak mine area, whereas arsenopyrite, which is present in both the Colon Peaks–Silver Peak and Wollondilly mine areas, is absent in other lodes along the Yerranderie Fault. The Yerranderie Fault, which hosts the major lodes, is surrounded by a zoned alteration system. With increasing proximity to the fault the intensity of alteration increases and the alteration assemblage changes from an outer quartz–muscovite–illite–(ankerite) assemblage to a quartz–illite–(pyrite–carbonate) assemblage within meters of the fault. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of muscovite from the alteration zone gave a 372.1 ± 1.9 Ma (Late Devonian) age, which is interpreted to be the timing of the quartz–sulfide vein formation. Sulfur isotope values for sulfides range from 0.1 to 6.2‰ with one outlier of ?5.6 δ³⁴S‰. The results indicate that the initial ore‐forming fluids were reduced, and that sulfur was probably sourced from a magmatic reservoir, either as a direct magmatic contribution or indirectly through dissolution and recycling of sulfur from the host volcanic sequence. The sulfur isotope data suggest the system is isotopically zoned.     

Anomaly Detection in MODIS Land Products via Time Series Analysis

With remote sensing information products becoming increasingly varied and arguably improved, scientific applications of such products rely on their quality assessment. In an operational context such as the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) information production based on the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on board Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua satellites, efficient ways of detecting product anomaly, i.e., to discriminate between product artifacts and real changes in Earth processes being monitored, are extremely important to assist and inform the user communities about potential unreliability in the products. A technique for anomaly detection, known as MAD (the median of absolute deviate from the median), in MODIS land products via time series analysis is described, which can handle intra- and in-ter-annual variation in the data by using MAD statistics of the original data and their first-order difference. This method is shown to be robust and work across major land products, including NDVI, active fire, snow cover, and surface reflectance, and its applicabil-ity to multi-disciplinary products is anticipated.     

An assessment of Bernese GPS software precise point positioning using IGS final products for global site velocities

We assess the use of precise point positioning (PPP) within the Bernese GPS software (BSW) Version 5.0 over the period from 2000 to 2005. In our strategy, we compute a set of daily PPP solutions for international GNSS service (IGS) reference frame (IGb00) sites by fixing IGS final satellite orbits and clock products, followed by a Helmert transformation of these solutions into ITRF2000, forming a set of continuous position time series over the entire time span. We assess BSW PPP by comparing our set of transformation parameters with those produced by the IGS analysis centre coordinator (ACC) and our position time series with those of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Centre at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO). The distributions of the north (N), east (E) and up (U) daily position differences are characterized by means and SD of +2.2 ± 4.8, −0.6 ± 7.9 and +4.8 ± 17.3 mm with respect to JPL, and of +0.1 ± 4.4, −0.1 ± 7.4 and −0.1 ± 11.8 mm with respect to SIO. Similarly, we find sub-millimetre mean velocity differences and SD for the N, E and U components of 0.9, 1.5 and 2.2 mm/year with JPL, and of 1.2, 1.6 and 2.3 mm/year with SIO. A noise analysis using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) shows that when estimating global site velocities from our position time series, the series need to be on average up to 1.3 times longer than those of JPL and SIO, before an uncertainty of less than 0.5 mm/year is obtained.     

Accuracy assessment of the MODIS snow products

A suite of Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow products at various spatial and temporal resolutions from the Terra satellite has been available since February 2000. Standard products include daily and 8‐day composite 500 m resolution swath and tile products (which include fractional snow cover (FSC) and snow albedo), and 0·05° resolution products on a climate‐modelling grid (CMG) (which also include FSC). These snow products (from Collection 4 (C4) reprocessing) are mature and most have been validated to varying degrees and are available to order through the National Snow and Ice Data Center. The overall absolute accuracy of the well‐studied 500 m resolution swath (MOD10_L2) and daily tile (MOD10A1) products is ～93%, but varies by land‐cover type and snow condition. The most frequent errors are due to snow/cloud discrimination problems, however, improvements in the MODIS cloud mask, an input product, have occurred in ‘Collection 5’ reprocessing. Detection of very thin snow (<1 cm thick) can also be problematic. Validation of MOD10_L2 and MOD10A1 applies to all higher‐level products because all the higher‐level products are all created from these products. The composited products may have larger errors due, in part, to errors propagated from daily products. Recently, new products have been developed. A fractional snow cover algorithm for the 500 m resolution products was developed, and is part of the C5 daily swath and tile products; a monthly CMG snow product at 0·05° resolution and a daily 0·25° resolution CMG snow product are also now available. Similar, but not identical products are also produced from the MODIS on the Aqua satellite, launched in May 2002, but the accuracy of those products has not yet been assessed in detail. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of LPW and SAI SAFNWC/MSG satellite products in pre-convective environments

The Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imagery (SEVIRI) instrument, on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), is a radiometer with eight infrared (IR) spectral bands. Seven of these channels are used to retrieve Layer Precipitable Water (LPW) and Stability Analysis Imagery (SAI). Both products are the PGE07 and the PGE08 of SAFNWC (Satellite Application Facility on support to Nowcasting and Very Short-Range Forecasting). The authors at Instituto Nacional de Meteorología (INM) have developed the LPW and SAI algorithms, in the SAFNWC framework. Both products are retrieved using statistical retrieval based on neural networks. The main advantage of these algorithms versus physical retrieval algorithms is the independence from the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. The LPW provides information on the water vapor contained in a vertical column of unit cross-section area in three layers in the troposphere (low, middle and high) and in the total layer in cloud free areas. The SAI provides estimations of the atmospheric instability in cloud free areas, in particular the Lifted Index (LI).The stability and precipitable water obtained with both products are routinely generated every 15 min at a satellite horizontal resolution of 3 km in NADIR. A significant advantage of these MSG products, compared to traditional measurements such as radiosondes, is their ability to measure high resolution temporal and spatial variations of atmospheric stability and moisture in pre-convective environments. The main disadvantage is that they do not have the vertical resolution of radiosonde. The MSG moisture and stability time trend fields are especially useful during the period preceding the outbreak of convection due to the high resolution. Once the outbreak of convection occurs, the products calculated in the clear air pixels surrounding the convective system will allow to foresee the evolution of the convection.     

集合预报业务使用现状和趋势

依据 1999年 11月 14～ 19日在欧洲中期天气预报中心举行的第 7届天气预报业务系统研讨会的情况 ,对集合预报的业务使用现状、集合预报产品以及未来趋势进行了介绍