林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种竞争的影响

采用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型探讨林窗和林下格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)幼苗幼树种内和种间竞争强度,分析林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种竞争的影响。结果表明:随着对象木高度的增加,林窗和林下格氏栲幼苗幼树的种内竞争强度逐渐减少。林窗种间竞争强度的顺序为:梨茶(Camellia octopetala)>褐毛石楠(Photinia hirsuta)>黄润楠(Machilus grijsii)>桂北木姜子(Litsea subcoriacea)>毛鳞省藤(Calamus thysanolepis)>酸味子(Antidesma japonicum)>少叶黄杞(Engelhardtia fenzelii)>矩圆叶鼠刺(Itea chinensis)>小叶赤楠(Syzygium grijsii)>山黄皮(Clausena dentata)>光叶山矾(Syplocos lancifolia)>沿海紫金牛(Ardisia punctata)>丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)>狗骨柴(Diplospora dubia)>木荷(Schima superba)>赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)>杜茎山(Maesa japonica)。林下种间竞争强度的顺序为:桂北木姜子>梨茶>黄润楠>木荷>毛冬青(Ilex pubescens)>狗骨柴>毛鳞省藤>香港新木姜子(Neolitsea cambodiana)>酸味子>沿海紫金牛>山黄皮>光叶山矾>赤楠>小叶赤楠>尖叶水丝梨(Distyliopsis dunnii)>杜茎山>丝栗栲。格氏栲幼苗幼树的竞争主要来自种间竞争,种内竞争对格氏栲影响不大,林窗格氏栲幼苗幼树的种内竞争强度和种间总体竞争强度大于林下。通过筛选林窗和林下格氏栲对象木树高与竞争强度的竞争模型,发现对象木树高与竞争指数之间存在负相关,预测结果表明,在林窗格氏栲幼苗生长初期应加强对其保护,林下格氏栲幼苗高度达到100～150 cm后适当采取创造林窗环境以实现其快速生长,从而有效促进林窗和林下格氏栲种群的保护与更新。     

加强行业管理以产品质量占领测绘市场浅析

执行测绘法加强测绘行业管理,是规范测绘管理,提高测绘产品质量的前提。而以产品质量开创和巩固测绘市场是市场竞争的主要手段,质量是取信于用户的根本保障。     

Plant functional types in Lake Nubia in relation to physicogeographic factors

The shoreline vegetation of Lake Nubia in Sudan was studied by means of morphological characteristics and functional traits of plants established-phase as published in literature reviews. The 57 species recorded in 83 sampling sites were classified according to 15 morphological traits into six Plant Functional Types (PFTs), using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the homogeneity of these groups in terms of their traits. The resulting PFTs were related to the physicogeographical variables measured (soil texture, soil moisture, soil thickness and elevation) using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The ratios in occurrences of the functional types were calculated per each moisture segment, and can be used as an indicator of the shoreline dynamics.     

自组织竞争网络模型在地震预报研究中的应用

本文简述了自组织竞争模型的原理，研究了其在地震预报样本分类中的应用。并采用遗传算法对其网络结构参数进行优化，对输入样本参数进行优选。震例检验结果显示自组织竞争网络具有较好的分类效果，经遗传算法优化后的模型分类效果得到进一步改善。     

Spatial competition and the new governance framework in Mabibi (Maputaland): implications for development

The evolution of the demarcation of the political territories in South Africa has resulted in spatial competition between political structures, conservation authorities and local communities. The current multi-governance policies are attempting to overcome the problems created by the political structures of the apartheid era – during which time the declaration of natural areas for conservation resulted in forced removals and negative perceptions of conservation. The case study of Mabibi, within the confines of the Maputaland coast, is a typical example that reflects the history of the past and the conflicts of the present.     

A battle on two fronts: competitive urges 'inside' Atlanta

This paper argues that intra –regional competition is as important as intra –regional in the shaping of an urban region. Recent concentration on urban promotion within the discipline places an emphasis on competition between cities that should be counterbalanced by stressing the degree of competition between cities and their suburban peripheries. Using the case of Atlanta, Georgia, and in particular its Vision 2020 initiative, the paper explores how regionalist approaches can easily unravel due to continued rivalries from individual constituents. Placing its theoretical grounding within David Harvey's notion of 'structural coherence', the paper argues that regional policies within a capitalist environment of uneven development tend towards only temporary solutions.     

世界能源贸易网络的演化特征与能源竞合关系

详尽地探讨全球能源贸易网络的演化特征及国际贸易的竞合关系,可为中国能源贸易政策的制定提供科学支撑。论文运用复杂网络方法,从整体格局出发研究了世界能源贸易网络的演化特征,并重点从供给与需求两方面分析了贸易集团演化与供需大国的能源竞合关系。研究结果表明：20世纪90年代以来,世界能源贸易关系不断趋于复杂化。近年来,能源贸易主体数量基本保持稳定,当前占世界总数近80%的国家/地区均参与能源贸易;世界能源贸易网络同时具有小世界特性与无标度特性;世界能源的进出口格局已发生重塑,能源的出口重心逐渐由东亚、中东、澳洲和欧洲转向了东欧、中东、北美、澳洲和西非等地区,进口重心由东亚、西欧和澳洲向北美、东亚和西欧转移;世界能源贸易网络存在四大集团,分别是以美国为首的贸易集团、欧洲-俄罗斯等国家贸易集团、东亚-东南亚贸易集团和澳大利亚-印度-非洲贸易集团等。地理距离、制度差异、历史文化及政治关系等是贸易集团演化的重要原因;贸易集团内,核心国家间的贸易依赖存在着非对称性,能源需求国进口来源的多元化现象更为突出,东亚、东南亚市场是供给国共同争夺的对象。     

盐度与种间竞争对漂浮生态型浒苔微繁体萌发和生长的影响

黄海绿潮源自苏北浅滩,暴发后期浒苔向北漂移至山东半岛南岸,会集中释放大量微繁体。虽然构成严重的繁殖体压力,但尚未发生大面积定生。为了明确漂浮生态型浒苔北侵定居的关键限制因素,本研究于2015年7月漂浮浒苔在青岛沿海大量堆积期间,采集潮间带表层沉积物样本,分别在盐度25和32下进行培养,试验不同盐度对漂浮生态型浒苔微繁体萌发和幼苗生长的影响。进一步通过单藻种培养,分析漂浮生态型与定生浒苔群体、以及青岛定生近缘种缘管浒苔对盐度的适应性差异。结果表明,盐度对微繁体萌发与幼苗生长两个阶段均构成重要影响,但具有不同的影响方式。在萌发阶段,单藻培养条件下,盐度对浒苔各群体和缘管浒苔的萌发率均无显著影响,但在混合培养条件下,盐度则通过种间竞争对萌发率产生显著影响,青岛的高盐条件更加有利于当地种,而苏北海域的低盐条件会显著提高漂浮生态型的萌发率。在幼苗的生长阶段,盐度可直接产生影响,高盐条件显著降低浒苔所有群体幼苗的生长率,对缘管浒苔则无显著影响,表现明显的种间差异。上述结果提示,盐度与种间竞争的协同作用可能是限制漂浮生态型浒苔大规模北侵定居的重要因素,这为预测漂浮生态型的扩散范围与黄海绿潮的变异趋势提供了理论依据。     

栖息地分布与种内竞争对刺参集群特征的影响

为探究刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)种内竞争与栖息地对其群体分布的影响,作者通过缩时摄像机拍摄及视频分析,研究了刺参集群分布特征,结果发现:刺参在礁石栖息地的栖息时间显著高于在缸壁处的栖息时间(P 0.05),刺参对栖息地有明显偏好性;刺参在运动时并未聚集在同一栖息地,而离散分布在多处栖息地中(P 0.05);当密度增大到15头/缸(11.31头/m~2, d=1.3 m)时,刺参在栖息地内的平均聚集率和平均聚集时间比例会显著下降(P 0.05),种内竞争加剧,刺参多呈斑块状分布,在密度过高时种内竞争压力上升,刺参个体间选择分散以减少竞争。本研究查明了实验室条件下栖息地分布和种内竞争对刺参集群特征的影响,可为野外刺参增养殖与资源持续利用提供理论参考。     

The age and growth of hottentot seabream Pachymetopon blochii before and after the South African linefish state of emergency in 2000

The hottentot seabream Pachymetopon blochii is a small-sized (maximum 2.67 kg) sparid endemic to southern Africa. It is an important target in South Africa's Western Cape traditional linefishery, particularly in the absence of more valuable pelagic species (such as Thyrsites atun and Seriola lalandi). In 2000, South Africa's linefishery was declared to be in a state of emergency, and commercial fishing effort was consequently reduced by 70%. A subsequent increase in stock biomass and intraspecific competition, coupled with environmental changes, were hypothesised to have thereafter altered the growth rate of hottentot, from 2000 to 2010. This study aimed to revise outdated age–growth models for the hottentot by using modern techniques (sectioned otoliths), and to compare age–growth relationships before and after the declared linefish state of emergency. The maximum age observed was 19 years, with no difference in the growth rate between sexes (p = 0.39–0.43) or time-periods (p = 0.96). Although the growth rate did not change, there is evidence that the age structure of the stock changed between time-periods as a result of changes in fishing pressure between 2000 and 2010. The enhanced recent growth model for hottentot, described as L_t = 418.063 (1 – e^{?0.104(t – [?4.709])}) (pooled sexes; n = 206), indicates a considerably slower growth rate for this species than was proposed previously using whole otoliths and has major implications for effective stock management.