塔里木河中游植物群落的数量分类与分析

Plant communities were sampled in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang,The results showed that there are 23 species belonging to 21 genera in 11 families,most of which have low occurrence frequency in quadrats.The most common species is Tamarix ramosissima,which occurred in 17 sites accounting for 89.47% of the total 19 sites,Quantitative classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination(CCA) methods were used to study the distribution Patterns of 23 plant species in 19 sites in this valley.TWINSPAN results showed that the plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River could be divided into 3 groups and the sampling sites could be diveded into 7 types in 3 groups .CCA results were consistent with TWINSPAN results ,and showed species distribution patterns correlated with major environmental variables of groundwater level and soil moisture.     

沙漠人工植物群落的根系分布及动态

2004年植物生长季,利用根钻取样研究了沙漠4种不同配置类型油蒿与柠条植物群落的根系分布及生长动态;另外,采用挖沟分层取样研究了半固定沙丘两种植物的粗根剖面结构,结果表明：尽管4个样地高峰值和低峰值出现的时间不一致,但沙漠植物细根的生长动态表现为双峰型;整个生长季纯油蒿样地细根密集分布于0~40 cm,其余样地密集分布于10~60 cm;受一年生植物的影响,9月份4个样地表层（0~30 cm）细根的根长密度和根重密度均出现最大值。采用边灌水边取样的办法获得4个样地300 cm深的根系数据,4个样地90%以上的细根分布在0~200 cm层次,其中纯油蒿样地的根系的最大深度是270 cm,其余3个样地均在300 cm以下;细根的根长密度和根重密度随深度而减小且呈指数递减形式（P<0.01）。除纯油蒿样地外的其他3个样地,根瘤的最高值出现在4月份;粗根的根长密度远远小于细根的根长密度。挖沟分层取样研究表明,与柠条相比油蒿具有较高的根冠比;柠条的粗根长主要分布于0~60 cm,粗根重主要分布在0~40 cm;油蒿的粗根分布比柠条的更浅,粗根长主要分布于0~40 cm,粗根重主要分布在0~20 cm。     

Climate adaptation,local institutions,and rural livelihoods: A comparative study of herder communities in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia,China

Climate variability has been evident on the Mongolian plateau in recent decades. Livelihood adaptation to climate variability is important for local sustainable development. This paper applies an analytical framework focused on adaptation, institutions, and livelihoods to study climate adaptation in the Mongolian grasslands. A household survey was designed and implemented in each of three broad vegetation types in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The analytical results show that livelihood adaptation strategies of herders vary greatly across the border between Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. Local institutions played important roles in shaping and facilitating livelihood adaptation strategies of herders. Mobility and communal pooling were the two key categories of adaptation strategies in Mongolia, and they were shaped and facilitated by local communal institutions. Storage, livelihood diversification, and market exchange were the three key categories of adaptation strategies in Inner Mongolia, and they were mainly shaped and facilitated by local government and market institutions. Local institutions enhanced but also at times undermined adaptive capacity of herder communities in the two countries, but in different ways. Sedentary grazing has increased livelihood vulnerability of herders to climate variability and change. With grazing sedentarization, the purchase and storage of forage has become an important strategy of herders to adapt to the highly variable climate. The multilevel statistical models of forage purchasing behaviors show that the strategies of livestock management, household financial capital, environmental (i.e., precipitation and vegetation growth) variability, and the status of pasture degradation were the major determinants of this adaptation strategy.     

Coral bleaching and habitat effects on colonisation of reef fish assemblages: An experimental study

Degradation and mortality of corals is increasing worldwide and is expected to have significant effects on coral reef fish; hence studies on these effects are essential. In the present study, a field experiment was set up within Mafia Island Marine Park in Tanzania (East Africa) to examine the effects of bleaching and habitat structure on colonisation of coral reef fish assemblages. Live and bleached staghorn coral Acropora formosa was transplanted onto plots in a site dominated by sand and rubble, and the experimental design comprised of three treatments: live coral, bleached coral and eroded coral rubble. There was an immediate increase (within 24 h) in fish abundance and diversity in the two treatments with standing corals. Overall, live and bleached coral plots showed similar effects, but differed from the eroded coral plots which had a much lower abundance and diversity of fish. In general, fish species diversity changed with time over the study period while fish abundance did not. Multivariate analyses showed that while there were differences in fish assemblage structure between standing corals and the eroded coral treatment, there was neither a difference between live and bleached coral treatments nor any temporal effects on fish assemblage structure. Our findings suggest that physical structure and complexity of habitat have stronger effects on colonisation of reef fish assemblages than changes in coral health (such as bleaching) which do not affect coral structure. This may have important implications for appropriate coral reef management.     

Subtidal macroalgal richness,diversity and turnover,at multiple spatial scales,along the southwestern Australian coastline

Patterns of species richness are governed by processes that act at vastly different spatial scales. In the marine system of southwest Australia, macroalgal assemblage structure and richness is thought to be strongly influenced by both the Leeuwin Current, which acts at large regional spatial scales, and small-scale processes such as competition, wave disturbance and habitat heterogeneity. We examined macroalgal species richness and diversity at multiple spatial scales using a three-factor hierarchal design. Spatial extents ranged from metres (between quadrats) to many hundreds of kilometres (between regions), and the study encompassed almost 2000 km of temperate coastline. Macroalgal assemblages were highly speciose and the number, identity, and diversity of species varied considerably at all spatial scales. Small scale variability, at the scale of site or quadrat, contributed most to total variation in species richness and diversity, suggesting that small-scale processes are important drivers of ecological pattern in this system. Species richness, diversity and taxonomic distinctness increased sequentially along the coastline, from warmer to cooler waters. Small scale variability was most likely maintained by wave disturbance and habitat heterogeneity at these scales, while regional scale diversity and richness clines were attributed to the fact that most species had cool-water affinities and the southern coast of Australia is a hotspot of floral speciation and diversity. Macroalgal assemblages in southwest Australia are speciose and largely endemic, and biodiversity patterns are structured by multiple processes operating at multiple spatial scales.     

Patterns of waterbird community composition across a natural and restored wetland landscape mosaic,Yellow River Delta,China

Habitat restoration can help mitigate the extensive loss and degradation of estuarine and coastal wetlands that have consequently eroded the integrity of many migratory flyways and wintering habitat for waterbird populations. Assessing the impact of restoration strategies however relies on empirical data on waterbird community distribution patterns across natural and restored wetland components. We conducted habitat and waterbird surveys across six natural and restored wetland regions in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve (YRDNR), eastern China, between 2007 and 2009. We recorded 93 waterbird species, including populations of 21 global conservation importance species. Community composition was stratified into distinctive clusters with compositional structure changing across these natural, modified and restored wetland components. NMDS ordination revealed that waterbird communities in restored wetlands were significantly different from those in natural and modified wetland components. Community distribution patterns were strongly influenced by environmental gradients (most noticeably salinity), water-level regulation, vegetation composition and differences in protected status. We found marked temporal patterns in waterbird community composition, which may be predictable for the different wetland components across the YRDNR landscape. Our study highlights the conservation benefits of restoring smaller wetland components in improving the ecological integrity of the wider wetland landscape mosaic for waterbird populations. A more coherent and intensive landscape management of water-level regulation and restoration of salinity gradients will be fundamental for wetland and waterbird conservation throughout the YRDNR.     

城市社区微观空间意象研究——基于南京居民250份手绘草图的比较

选取南京封闭社区与开放社区相互邻近的4个对比组共8个居住社区,对其居民的社会属性、生活习惯和社区空间感知特征进行了问卷调查,并从250份手绘草图中提取和统计相关数据,据此分析城市居民社区空间意象地图的主要类型与构成要素.研究发现,居民的社会属性是影响人们社区空间意象的决定性因素,性别、年龄、收入和居住时间的差异导致居民...     

基于迁居的郊区大型居住区社会空间形成——以北京回龙观居住区为例

郊区大型居住区是我国郊区化过程中产生的一种新型居住形态,为缓解城市内部人口和功能压力起到了重要作用,但其由于过快开发、缺乏规划等原因出现的问题众多。以北京典型郊区居住区回龙观为例,从迁居行为角度探讨大型居住区的社会空间形成,以折射我国郊区化过程中存在的问题。郊区大型居住区的形成是政府、单位、开发商三者共同作用的结果,社会转型期影响居民迁居的主要推力和限制因素是家庭纽带、政府政策与经济能力;快速郊区化过程中建立的这类社区内部居民成分复杂、流动性强、社区意识较为薄弱,居民生活与城市中心及近郊内沿的联系紧密,地区吸引力有待增强。     

The pattern of sedimentary bacterial communities varies with latitude within a large eutrophic lake

We investigated the diversity, composition, and assembly processes of sedimentary bacterial communities across Lake Taihu, China, a large, shallow, and eutrophic water body. Amplicon-based 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing identified the composition and phylogenetic structure of the bacterial communities within the 28 collected samples. Diversity analysis revealed that sedimentary bacterial communities demonstrated significant trends with nutrient loading and habitat along latitude. We used network analysis to disentangle the role of keystone taxa in bacterial communities. Most identified keystone species were from the genus Nitrospira (affiliated with Nitrospirae), subphylum Deltaproteobacteria (affiliated with Proteobacteria), subphylum Gammaproteobacteria (affiliated with Proteobacteria), family Rhodocyclaceae (affiliated with Betaproteobacteria), phylum Bacteroidetes, genus Bacillus (affiliated with Firmicutes), and family Anaerolineaceae (affiliated with Chloroflexi) in order of abundance. These keystone taxa play fundamental roles in carbon and nitrogen cycling within Lake Taihu. Phylogenetic structure analysis indicated that the bacterial communities were more phylogenetically clustered than expected by chance and that deterministic processes dominated the assembly of bacterial communities across Lake Taihu. Niche selection was the crucial factor driving the assembly of bacterial communities. This study enhances the understanding of the distribution of sedimentary bacterial communities and their assembly mechanisms across Lake Taihu.     

Long-term trends in benthic habitat quality as determined by Multivariate AMBI and Infaunal Quality Index in relation to natural variability: a case study in Kinsale Harbour, south coast of Ireland

Benthic Ecological Quality Ratios (EQR) are important tools for assessing the ecological status of coastal and transitional water bodies. Here, we use spatial and time-series data from Kinsale Harbour, Ireland to examine the effects of sample processing methodologies on the outputs of two EQRs: Multivariate AMBI (M-AMBI) and Infaunal Quality Index (IQI).Both EQRs were robust to changes in sieve size from 1 mm to 0.5 mm, and to changes in the taxa identified in spatial calibration. Both EQRs classified habitat quality in Kinsale as generally Good or High with no evidence of significant change over the time series (1981-2006). IQI classified the ecological status as higher than M-AMBI.There was a significant relationship between IQI and M-AMBI in spatial calibration, but no significant relationship between them in time series. Further research into the behaviour of EQRs in relation to natural variability over long time-scales is needed to discriminate anthropogenic impacts reliably.