东南极普里兹湾陆架区大型底栖动物群落结构

To explore the spatial pattern of macrobenthic communities and their response to environmental factors in the Prydz Bay,samples were collected using a 0.25-m2 box corer at 10 stations from November 2012 to April 2013.A total of 50 species of macrobenthos belonging to 8 phyla and 33 families were identified,of which polychaetes(e.g.,Maldane sarsi)and sponges(e.g.,Halichondria sp.and Leucosolenia sp.)were the most prominent groups.The macrobenthos in study area were categorized into five functional groups based on the feeding type,and the detritivorous group represented by polychaetes showed the highest average abundance,while the planktophagous group represented by sponges showed the highest average biomass.Macrobenthos abundance(0–592 ind./m2)and biomass(0–1155.5 g/m2)in the Prydz Bay were relatively lower than those of other Antarctic shelf soft-bottom waters,although the compositions of the dominant species and functional feeding groups were similar.The results of the Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that the average biomass of the macrobenthos and the biomass of the planktophagous group in the study area were negatively correlated with the water depth,sediment grain size and silt percentage.However,these variables were clearly not strong determinants of macrobenthos assemblage structure.Many factors not measured in the study,e.g.,sediment organic matter and iceberg interference,have probably influenced the spatial distribution of macrobenthic community structure in the Prydz Bay.     

Paradigmatic responses of marine benthic communities to different anthropogenic pressures, using M-AMBI, within the European Water Framework Directive

The use of AMBI and M-AMBI in benthic quality assessments, within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), has increased dramatically in recent years. M-AMBI is a multivariate tool, which incorporates AMBI, richness and Shannon diversity within the assessment. The response of this approach to different human pressures in coastal and estuarine waters has been investigated for the Basque Country (Northern Spain). In this contribution, several paradigmatic examples of these applications to different water bodies are presented. The time-series extend to samples collected between 1995 and 2007, showing the evolution of M-AMBI values under different pressures, i.e. urban and industrial discharges, dredging and disposal of sediments, and engineering works (such as land reclamation or marina construction), and, in addition, for illustrating the benthic quality recovery after positive actions have been undertaken, i.e. the removal of point-source discharges or water treatment programmes. In most cases, M-AMBI responds to these pressures as expected, with decreases in the ecological status immediately following the pressure. Conversely, when a pressure is removed, the recovery takes between 2 and 15 years, depending upon the intensity of the pressure and the characteristics of the water body. M-AMBI has been intercalibrated previously in coastal waters. After intercalibration in transitional waters, M-AMBI will be able to be used in the integrative quality assessment of European water bodies.     

Localising privatisation, disconnecting locales - Mechanisms of disintegration in post-socialist rural Russia

Soviet collectives in general and especially the kolkhozes in rural areas were much more than merely production units. They regulated a significant part of everyday life in the villages and thus have to be seen as all-embracing social institutions, constituting the bedrock for rural communities. Relying on the homogenising effect of the kolkhoz-mechanism most authors who analyse the process of transformation in the Post-Soviet Russian countryside highlight the failures of privatisation and consequently presume continuity and not change. This paper argues, first, that in view of the weakness of the central state in the 90s a considerable leeway existed at the local level for different ways and degrees to implement the reform legislation and, second, that the concrete outcomes of the restructuring can only be adequately understood focusing on interests and power relations on the micro level rather than dealing with farms as such as the ‘acting units’.The common vantage point for most of the kolkhozes was an “alliance for the locale” between management and workers. It had its roots in the fear to become “slaves on one’s own land” if non-local investors would be allowed to buy agricultural land, to remain without infrastructure like streets, water supply and kindergartens if the kolkhoz would be divided up and to lack the machinery to work the private plots without the support of the farms. But beyond this consensus the chairmen of the collective farms could rely on a bulk of different allocative and authoritative resources to stage-manage privatisation. This introduced a highly ‘individual’ moment in the process and led to rising disparities and an increasing disintegration of rural Russia in the 1990s. Using a farm in southern Russia as an example the closer look at these resources and the “failed privatisation” unveils, that not continuity, but hybrid amalgamations of old and new characterise the Post-Soviet Russian countryside.     

Social Cohesion; Is it sufficient? Migrant communities in two disadvantaged neighborhoods in Istanbul

Planners assume that old neighbourhoods have an atmosphere in which social relations can easily flourish. They also regard the strong social ties within a neighborhood as the guarantee for the success of housing rehabilitation. This article argues that existence of social cohesion in a neighbourhood is not necessarily an advantage in a process of modernisation and rehabilitation. In some cases the community may constitute a closed `island' especially in places where communities have historically inherited an hierarchical character. The article is based on a recent research project dealing with urban communities in inner city areas of Istanbul, especially those containing migrant populations which seemingly have strong community ties. The historical background of the community from the Ottoman period is examined in the first part of the article. The roots of the community as a territorial administrative unit (mahalle) and its modification in contemporary migrant communities are analysed. The second part of the article presents the results of two case studies. One of the case studies is a social housing district where the migrant community is mixed and social relations with the rest of the city are relatively well developed. The other case study area is an historical district where strong social ties create an introverted character of the community in spite of its central location. The result of the study reveals that urban `communities' in a city like Istanbul have both negative and positive aspects. Primarily it is important to assess and understand the degree of `opennes' of the community to the outer world. In any action to be taken planners should look not only inside the community, but also at its 'outer' relations.     

钻机方案设计专家系统的研究

专家系统是人工智能领域中最重要而且有活力的分支这一,它在机械设计领域中的应用,对于推动机制设计过程向自动化及智能化方向的发展,具有极其重要的现实意义,论述了钻机设计专家系统研究中的一些主要问题,探讨了钻机设计专家系统要完成的主要目标和任务以及实现方法,并研究了适合于钻机设计专家系统要求的知识表示,知识获取和知识推理方法。     

法国阿尔卑斯山(Mt.Alps,France) 溪流型喀斯特瀑布水生苔藓植物群落生态研究

对法国阿尔卑斯山(M t. Alps, France) 6个溪流型喀斯特瀑布水生苔藓植物群落进行了研究。报道典型瀑布水生苔藓群落14个,苔藓植物种类由11科16属20种(含变种亚种) 组成; 生殖系统由雌雄异株( Dio ecious, 95% )和雌雄同株异苞( Auto ecious, 5% )两种类型构成,无性繁殖是繁殖的主要方式; 区系地理成分含北温带分布( 60% ) 、欧洲- 北美分布( 10% )、旧世界温带分布( 5% )和世界广泛分布( 25% ) 等4种成分; 生活型含高丛集型( 20% )、矮丛集型( 10% )、交织型( 60% )和平铺型( 10% ) 4种类型。根据喀斯特沉积环境特征, 划分瀑布水生苔藓群落为峡谷瀑布苔藓群落、温泉瀑布苔藓群落、瀑布水帘洞苔藓群落、悬崖瀑布苔藓群落和悬崖季节性瀑布苔藓群落等5种生态类型。法国阿尔卑斯山溪流型瀑布生物喀斯特沉积物具有分布广泛,但沉积规模较小的特点。      

法国阿尔卑斯— 罗讷(Rhone-Alps)岩溶洞穴弱光带苔藓植物群落研究

报道了法国阿尔卑斯-罗讷( Rhone-Alps )地区3个岩溶洞穴苔藓植物群落研究结果。记载典型洞穴苔藓群落11个,苔藓植物种类8科12属15种(含变种); 区系地理成分含北温带分布(46. 66%)、温带欧洲分布(6. 67% )、欧洲-亚洲分布(6. 67%)、欧洲-北美分布(13. 33%)和世界广泛分布(26. 67%) 5种成分; 生活型含高丛集型(20%)、矮丛集型(33. 33%)、交织型(40%)和平铺型(6. 67%) 4种类型。根据岩溶沉积环境特征,划分洞穴苔藓群落为钟乳石苔藓群落、洞壁钙华苔藓群落、洞底泉华苔藓群落和石灰土苔藓群落等4种生态类型。      

The Community Economic Impacts of Large Wildfires: A Case Study from Trinity County,California

Wildfires are increasing in severity and frequency in the American West, but there is limited understanding of their economic effects at the community level. We conducted a case study of the impacts of large wildfires in 2008 in Trinity County, California, by examining labor market, suppression spending, and qualitative interview data. We found that the 2008 fires had interrelated effects on several economic sectors in the county. Labor market data indicated a decrease in total private-sector employment and wages and an increase in public-sector employment and wages during the summer of 2008 compared to the previous year, while interviews captured more nuanced impacts for individual businesses.     

基于GIS的城市空间格局要素研究与表达

城市的空间格局与社会生活各个方面息息相关,若利用GIS卓越的技术能力,探索城市空间格局的结构性特征、要素关联,挖掘其中的空间关系或其他有意义的结构模式,将为城市经济发展、资源分配、交通规划等社会问题提供知识支撑。此外若将城市空间格局与GIS空间分析相融合,将有助于架起图形与文本之间的桥梁与纽带,提升GIS空间数据挖掘水平。本文总结了城市空间格局的要素体系,并利用RCC8模型和区间代数使之与GIS中的空间关系建立对应关联,实现了由城市规划文本生成城市空间格局意向图。丰富了城市空间格局的规律性、本质性知识,弥补了多种空间关系集成研究的不足,为图形和文本的关联性知识挖掘奠定了基础。