中国西部地区大开发的新思路

论述我国西部地区大开发的重要意义,提出加快西部地区经济社会发展需要两个手段并用,三股合力有机配合。同时指出在新的体制背景、市场态势和对外开放环境下,西部大开发要有新思路,而观念更新,树立新的发展观、新的资源观、新的优势观、新的规划观是其先导。     

Multidimensional social trust and regional entrepreneurial activities: Based on data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS)北大核心CSCD

社会信任作为非正式制度环境的核心构成要素对区域创业活动有复杂而重要的影响。由于社会距离、交往对象的不同,社会信任在表现形式和作用机制方面差异明显,但现有研究鲜有关注社会信任不同维度对区域创业的影响。论文从普遍信任、亲缘信任、制度信任3个维度构建社会信任框架,利用中国家庭跟踪调查(CFPS)2012、2014、2016、2018年4期面板数据和企业工商注册信息微观数据进行实证分析,研究发现：(1)在全国尺度,亲缘信任显著提高了区域创业活跃度,而普遍信任、制度信任对区域创业活跃度的作用不明显。(2)交互效应结果显示,普遍信任、亲缘信任与经济发展之间存在替代效应;普遍信任与政府干预互为补充,政府干预越弱,普遍信任对区域创业的激励作用越强;而制度信任与政府干预表现为相互促进的互动关系,共同促进了区域创业活跃度。(3)分样本异质性检验表明,东部地区创业活跃度对社会信任的依赖度较弱;中西部地区创业活跃度受到普遍信任、亲缘信任的积极影响;政商关系良好城市的创业活跃度受到制度信任的促进作用,创业政策红利得到有效释放;在政商关系普通城市,普遍信任能够显著促进创业,激发创业活力。研究证实了不同维度社会信任...     

Climate finance: A transaction cost perspective on the structure of state-to-state transfers

Direct transfers of climate finance from governments of developed countries to governments of developing countries are often perceived as risky due to information asymmetries, the infeasibility of perfect contract enforcement at the international level, and uncertain recipient capacities and respective outcomes. Donor governments usually try to minimize such risks by delegating the provision of climate finance to bilateral and multilateral organizations that implement and monitor projects in recipient countries. Such direct interventions generate an alternative set of transaction costs through the fragmentation of finance flows and proliferation of funding organizations that can put an additional burden on recipient institutions. Moreover, long delegation chains between initial donors and targeted beneficiaries trigger a cascade of principal-agent problems. The benefits of channelling climate finance through the international development cooperation system hence need to be weighed against the opportunity cost of this approach. The potential for such scrutiny is however constrained by a broken feedback loop between donor and recipient constituencies. Only if the extent to which transaction costs accrue and the reasons they do so become better understood, policy makers might be able to address them and chose the most cost-effective channel in each particular case.     

大都市边缘区制度性生态空间的多元治理——政策网络的视角

生态城市的塑造和低碳社会的发展使得城市生态空间发挥出越来越重要的作用,而城市边缘区的制度性生态空间因其本身演进中的社会一空间转型和刚性制度约束下的社会互动而使得政策网络的内涵、演变和运作方式在我国快速城市化和大都市区化的发展背景下更具有典型性和代表性。政策网络视角下的广州海珠区万亩果园空间治理研究揭示出空间治理的过程是...     

Game strategies in government-led eco-compensation in the Xin’an River Basin from the perspective of the politics of scale

China's policy on ecological compensation (eco-compensation) in watershed eco-systems is of economic,social and environmental significance for China's ecological gov-ernance and protection of natural areas.It involves balancing the interests of regional stakeholders,coordinating the development of regional environments and establishing effec-tive cooperation models,making it a classic topic for geographical research.This study in-troduces the concept of institutional "stickiness" to the theory of politics of scale to analyze the features and mechanisms of the game behavior of government entities in the process of im-plementing watershed eco-compensation in the Xin'an River Basin.Our results show the following:government entities at various levels,including the central,provincial and municipal governments,experienced the three stages of game strategy of competition,cooperation and"coopetition";building a government community of shared interests can promote watershed eco-compensation,and "appropriate intervention" by the central govemment is key to achieving inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation;there was clear institutional stickiness during the transition from a "vertical" model of watershed eco-compensation to a "vertical-horizontal"model,with government entities using policy innovations and social participation to limit and reduce stickiness so as to reshape the watershed eco-compensation system;scalar jumping is the core mechanism that promoted eco-compensation in the study basin,and government entities shaped the discourse on watershed eco-compensation by redistributing powers and capital and creating informal constraints,which promoted the transformation of eco-compensation from a "strong state-weak society" structural model,to a "strong state-strong society" model in the Xin'an River Basin.These results can provide theoretical support for the construction of inter-regional watershed eco-compensation mechanisms,pro-vide a scientific basis for the rational evaluation and guidance of watershed eco-compensation practices,and promote the coordinated and sustainable socioeconomic development of watersheds.     

城际合作园区转型的制度空间重构机制——以锡沂高新区为例

立足制度空间视角,基于长三角城际合作园区发展总体规律,从微观实证深入,探讨其3次转型中制度重构与空间重构的互动关系,发现在产业转移、新城扩张与产业转型阶段,城际合作园区形成嵌入、扩张、重构3类典型制度空间模式,空间转型与制度空间重构处于相互影响、交织演进的动态过程;构建转型逻辑框架并指出,制度组织是主体网络的结构化再现,制度规则是其调控要素活动的手段,制度组织与制度规则共同作用推动空间重构;结果表明,“制度?空间”的交替演进、制度主体网络的周期波动、行动者策略选择的差异分层是园区转型发展的主线与基本规律。     

体制与认同：高校地理院系调整的启示

地理院系调整研究旨在通过对地理学认同产生不利影响的高校地理院系调整的解析,揭示地理学发展存在的学科与体制认同问题。基于对高校地理院系调整的回顾,分析地理院系调整的原因及影响,并结合当前地理院系发展态势阐明其启示。结果显示：学科认同与院系调整互为关联,尽管地理院系调整导致的解体并不表明地理学的终结,一般意义的调整也存在积极影响,但不同类型地理院系调整对地理学（特别是人文地理学）学科认同的不利影响仍然明显,并影响着体制层面的学科再生产。地理院系调整的发生是多因素共同影响的结果,复杂多样的因素及其影响表明地理院系面临竞争,需要地理学者既“正名”（塑造科学性、统一性的学科形象）又“指实”（完整的院系体制建设）;既“向内”（地理院系及地理学家的努力）又“向外”（维护地理学及地理院系的完整性认同）的集体努力,在强化地理学综合性基础上形成“多轨发展”机制,强化地理学学科与体制认同。“跨学科典范”的塑造或许是当前地理院系应努力的现实目标。     

Drivers of national climate policy

Patterns of national climate policy performance and their implications for the geopolitics of climate change are examined. An overview of levels of emissions performance across countries is first provided. Substantial changes in emissions trends over time are documented, notably with GHG emissions trajectories, which are shaped less and less by the developed/developing country divide. Various patterns of policy convergence and divergence in the types of policies states implement are then surveyed. Four broad types of explanation that may account for these trends are then explored: (1) variation in the institutional form of country-level governance regimes, (2) patterns of dependence on fossil fuel energy, (3) broad systemic differences among states (specifically in their population densities, carbon intensity, and per capita incomes, and (4) variations in the traditions of economic intervention by states. The article contributes to the growing body of work on comparative climate policy, and provides a first attempt at exploring the comparative politics of instrument choice. The analysis challenges the continued importance of a North–South divide for the future of climate policy, thus reinforcing a sense of the ‘new geopolitics’ of climate change. Some of the implications of the analysis for debates about the form of future international agreement on mitigation policy are also explored.

Policy relevance

The article contributes to the understanding of the variety of institutional conditions under which policy makers develop policy and thus the constraints and opportunities for the design of international agreements under these conditions.     

New lessons for technology policy and climate change: investment for innovation

The direction of UK energy policy requires a renewed impetus if the goal of climate change stabilization is to be met. Cost is not the main issue: a transformation to a low-carbon energy system may be no more expensive than meeting future energy demands with fossil fuels. Institutional barriers are preventing the large-scale adoption of the necessary technologies. New institutions to promote low-carbon technologies have not yet led to investment on the necessary scale. Further changes to the operation of the UK electricity markets to create a ‘level playing field’ for small-scale and intermittent generation are necessary. UK policy can contribute to international agreements following on from the Kyoto Accord, which also need to address the institutional barriers to energy technology development and transfer.     

我国耕地保护制度的经济学分析

概括了制度环境的变化与耕地保护制度变迁的特点,指出了耕地保护制度对社会经济稳定发展繁荣做出的巨大贡献,总结了现行制度的被动性、镶嵌式、地方政府主导征用收益、违法占用耕地与地方政府GDP冲动及官员的政绩追求密切相关等特点。评估内在制度的柔性对刚性制度的化解与冲突,提出了诚信与合作意识、用地观念、计划意识与强势主导等3类因子的影响。分析了未来耕地保护制度的供需及其主体,指出耕地保护作为我国重要的管理政策,未来一段时间内中央政府作为唯一的制度供给主体的行为、地方政府作为制度执行主体及农民作为耕地保护的最终执行主体耕地保护的行为与利益诉求。据此,提出了耕地保护制度进一步改革调整的对策与建议。