Isotope geochemistry of Pantelleria volcanic fluids, Sicily Channel rift: a mantle volatile end-member for volcanism in southern Europe

Chemical and isotopic ratio (He, C, H and O) analysis of hydrothermal manifestations on Pantelleria island, the southernmost active volcano in Italy, provides us with the first data upon mantle degassing through the Sicily Channel rift zone, south of the African–European collision plate boundary. We find that Pantelleria fluids contain a CO₂–He-rich gas component of mantle magmatic derivation which, at shallow depth, variably interacts with a main thermal (100°C) aquifer of mixed marine–meteoric water. The measured ³He/⁴He ratios and δ¹³C of both the free gases (4.5–7.3 R_a and −5.8 to −4.2‰, respectively) and dissolved helium and carbon in waters (1.0–6.3 R_a and −7.1 to −0.9‰), together with their covariation with the He/CO₂ ratio, constrain a ³He/⁴He ratio of 7.3±0.1 R_a and a δ¹³C of ca. −4‰ for the magmatic end-member. These latter are best preserved in fluids emanating inside the active caldera of Pantelleria, in agreement with a higher heat flow across this structure and other indications of an underlying crustal magma reservoir. Outside the caldera, the magmatic component is more affected by air dilution and, at a few sites, by mixing with either organic carbon and/or radiogenic ⁴He leached from the U–Th-rich trachytic host rocks of the aquifer. Pantelleria magmatic end-member is richer in ³He and has a lower (closer to MORB) δ¹³C than all fluids yet analyzed in volcanic regions of Italy and southern Europe, including Mt. Etna in Sicily (6.9±0.2 R_a, δ¹³C=−3±1‰). This observation is consistent with a south to north increasing imprint of subducted crustal material in the products of Italian volcanoes, whose He and C (but also O and Sr) isotopic ratios gradually evolve towards crustal values northward of the African–Eurasian plate collision boundary. Our results for Pantelleria extend this regional isotopic pattern further south and suggest the presence of a slightly most pristine or ‘less contaminated’, ³He-richer mantle source beneath the Sicily Channel rift zone. The lower than MORB ³He/⁴He ratio but higher than MORB CO₂/³He ratio of Pantelleria volatile end-member are compatible with petro-geochemical evidence that this mantle source includes an upwelling HIMU–EM1-type asthenospheric plume component whose origin, according to recent seismic data, may be in the lower mantle.     

云南地区地震总体活动水平起伏规律研究

系统分析了本世纪以来云南地区逐年最大地震强度序列的演变,揭示出了地震活动强弱循环各阶段的基本变化规律,并对其机理进行了探讨。指出地震活动的分期性和强弱交替性是云南地区地震活动的基本特征之一。在此基础上,运用混沌理论,建立了云南地区年最大地震强度的多维相空间相似统计预报模式,确定出构成最佳预报模式的最佳参变量。最后应用本模式对1987~1997年云南地区逐年最大地震强度进行了外推定量预测和定性预报准确率检验,结果表明,当外推时间L=1年和4年时,定量预测平均绝对误差$\Delta\bar{M}$分别为0.53和0.46;有无M≥6强震的辨识率ƒ=0.90,高于年自然发生率0.50。该预报模式输出稳定,可成为判断云南地区地震形势的重要依据。     

双相各向异性研究、问题与应用前景

地球内部流体的存在和岩石各向异性是地下介质的两大表征,考虑地下流体和介质各向异性问题的双相各向异性理论是当今地震学和地球物理学理论与应用研究的前沿和难题之一。孔隙流体的存在、固体和流体之间的相互作用会弱化或硬化岩石的力学属性,上起声波或弹性声波速度的频散的振幅的衰减,并产生第二类压缩波。裂缝或裂隙的定向分布、岩层的旋性沉积、应力场的定向排列,都会引起传播速度的各向异性、横波发生分裂等重要现象,这些     

元素有机相态的提取技术及应用

通过成矿元素的溶解、再迁移及在地表形成各种活动相态的过程,探讨利用元素有机相态勘查隐伏金属矿床的机理,并介绍元素有机相态的提取技术及矿例。     

基于相空间重构的边坡位移预测

根据边坡位移时间序列的非线性性质, 应用基于相空间重构的实时预测方法, 可以充分利用时间序列信息, 预测 各种边坡变形演化趋势。 讨论了局域法和基于 Ly apunov 指数的预测法。 实例研究表明, 基于相空间重构的预测方法具 有比非平稳时间序列更高的预测精度和更广的适应性。     

退化羊草草原的群落蒸发蒸腾

草原群落蒸发蒸腾是一个由多种因素综合影响的复杂问题。本文在天然羊草草原上,以畜群点为中心由外向内,选择退化程度不同的放牧空间梯度系列替代退化演替时间梯度系列,用土柱称重法进行群落蒸发蒸腾观测,深入分析了羊草草原退化群落蒸发蒸腾的变化规律。得出:天然羊草草原在土壤供水较为充足的情况下,随着放牧强度的增加,群落生物量减少,盖度减少,蒸腾减少,蒸发增加,但蒸散减少不明显。     

奇异夸克相变对Ⅱ型超新星激波能量的影响

在模拟超新星演化时,考虑非奇异一奇异夸克相变因素,与没有考虑奇异相变的情况相比,得到了更强的激波．这可能是奇异相变增加了星核区对流不稳定性所致在本文的计算环境里,一阶奇异夸克相变的结果使具有128MO铁星核的WW（88）模型爆发,打破了瞬发机制只能使约1．1MO铁星核模型爆发的上限,并支持了戴子高等人所作出的奇异夸克相变能提高超新星爆发机会的论断．     

Off‐great‐circle propagation of intermediate‐period surface waves observed on a dense array in the French Alps

Array analysis is performed on surface waves recorded in the French Alps using a small‐aperture (25 km) temporary array of six broad‐band stations. The analysis shows that both Rayleigh and Love waves deviate relative to the great‐circle path. The deviations are particularly strong, up to 30°, between 20 and 40 s period. To interpret these observations, we first study the effect of large‐scale structures using ray tracing in a smooth, laterally heterogeneous model of the Earth. Second, we evaluate the local effect by considering a model for the French Alps including strong lateral heterogeneities around the array that were not taken into account in the ray tracing. By combining these two possible causes of the observed deviations, we propose an explanation for the general trend in the observed deviations. Finally, we show that by taking into account azimuthal deviations, phase velocities measured at a regional scale can be significantly improved.     

关于分级单屈服面模型的几个问题的探讨

在大理岩、红砂岩和花岗岩的单轴压缩和常规三轴压缩试验的基础上,发现它们的极限包络线可以大致设为一条平均直线,利用此直线可以确定其斜率和粘结应力。用于计算硬化的两个硬化系数应选取应力-应变曲线上应力峰值前若干点的数据计算。试验发现岩石的破坏与阶段改变处相距不远,不能用Desai提出的方法确定阶段改变参数n。笔者认为取稍大于2的值是比较合适的。在预测材料的应力-应变曲线时,提出一种简单实用的方法,即把岩石初始压密阶段的终点作为初始状态,用该点的应力状态计算初始的硬化参数和累积塑性应变。