The evaluation of eco-environmental susceptibility to human activity in Yulin region

The eco-environmental susceptibility is to demonstrate the reaction of a ecosystem under the same influences of the human activity. It comprise many influencing factors which have a complicated relation to the eco-environmental susceptibility. In this paper, the Analysis of Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the weight of each factor to the eco-environmental susceptibility through analyzing the relationship between human activity and environmental deterioration. And the weighted summation method is used to calculate the eco-environmental susceptibility of different divisions in Yulin region. The result shows that the loess hilly and gully area is more subjective to deteriorating eco-environment than the desert area because of the strong human activity and severe soil erosion. The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

The early Cretaceous marine transgression and its significance for landscape interpretation

Significant elements of the Australian landscape date from Mesozoic or earlier times. Australia did not separate completely from other Gondwanan components until Early Tertiary times and these Mesozoic and older elements can therefore be regarded as Gondwanan. During the separation and northern drift of the continent and particularly in Late Jurassic and earlier Cretaceous times the sea invaded and spread across much of the erstwhile landmass. The associated sediments not only covered and preserved much of the pre‐existing land surface, but they also augmented the effects of thalassostatic loading of the basins, causing further subsidence. Hinge lines developed near the coastal zones of the times, so that subsidence of the basins caused adjacent land masses to rise. Many old land surfaces have been re‐exposed at the former oceanic margins, but epigene forms are preserved high in the relief on the uplifted blocks. They survive partly because, as Crickmay (1976) suggested, rivers effectively erode at and near their channels; the divides remain untouched. A reinforcement effect also operates because the valleys are wet sites, the interfluves dry. Hence weathering and erosion proceed apace in the former while the latter are stable, allowing palaeoforms to survive.     

The time-dependent transport of cosmic rays in the heliosphere

The modulation of cosmic rays (CRs) in the heliosphere is a dynamic and therefore a highly time-dependent process. Numerical models with only a time-dependent neutral sheet prove to be successful when moderate to low solar activity occurs but fail to describe large and discrete steps in modulated CRs when solar activity is high. To explain this feature of heliospheric modulation, the concept of global merged interaction regions (GMIRs) is required. The combination of gradient, curvature and neutral sheet drifts with these GMIRs has so far been the most successful approach in explaining the 11-year and 22-year cycles in the long-term modulation of CRs.     

Study on respiratory electron transport system （ETS） of phytoplankton in Taiwan Strait and Xiamen Harbour

Phytoplankton respiratory electron transport system (P-ETS) activities were studied in two cruises in Taiwan Strait (Aug. 1997 and Feb. -Mar.1998) and two cruises in Xiamen Harbour (Oct., 1997 and Apr.,1998). Results showed that P-ETS activity in the surface water of southern Yaiwan Strait in summer was homogeneous [mean value of 0.106 μ102/(L.h)], inhomogeneous in northern Yaiwan Strait in winter. Variation of P-ETS activity in middle part of the Strait was not obvious between summer and winter. Mean P-ETS activity of Xiamen Harbour in autumn was 0.255 μ102/(L.h) with a little higher value in Jiulong River estuary areas. In spring, P-ETS activity was more homogeneously distributed and the mean value was 1.076 μ102/(L.h). P-ETS activity in spring was obviously higher than in autumn in Xiamen Harbour. Vertical distribution of P-ETS in Taiwan Strait was homogeneous at some stations in winter and in summer. An obvious daily variation of P-ETS activity was recorded at Stn 9837, high at midnight and low in the early morning. Significant correlation between P-ETS activity and Chl-a was observed. Results also showed that the ratio of estimated respiratory rate to photosynthetic rate varied seasonally, high in winter (0.41) and low in summer (0.12).     

Magnetic fields at the surfaces of stars

Summary Magnetic fields have now been detected in stars in several parts of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Roughly dipolar fields ranging in strength between 3× 10² and 3×10⁴ G are found in many chemically peculiar A and B main sequence stars. Dipolar fields are also found in some 2–3% of white dwarfs, but with strengths between 1×10⁶ and 5×10⁸ G. In both these types of stars, the observed fields vary as the underlying star turns, but do not change in a secular manner. In solartype stars, structurally complex fields of a few kG are found with filling factors of the order of 0.1 to 0.8. Further indirect evidence of fields in cool main sequence stars is provided by detection of visible and ultraviolet line emission (chromospheric activity), x radiation (coronal matter), and giant starspots. In this review, we survey the observations of stellar magnetism in all these types of stars, as well as efforts to model the observed magnetic fields and associated photospheric peculiarities and activity.This article was processed by the author using the Springer-Verlag T_EX AAR macro package 1991.     

Does sunspot activity originate in slow global oscillations of the sun?

We present preliminary results of a spherical-harmonic-Fourier analysis of sunspot activity during the twenty-two years 1933–1954. The results indicate that the sunspot activity might be originating in global solar oscillations with periods of years and decades. However, except for the axisymmetric mode of degree 6, the set of other axisymmetric modes showing ∼ 11 yr periodicities are different from one sunspot cycle to another. A more detailed analysis, preferably with larger data series, will be needed to arrive at a more definite conclusion.     

水库地震地质判别标志的研究

本文研究了中国水库诱发地震的地质构造总体环境，从中提取出诱发水库地震的八项地质判别标志。同时进一步将它们划分为一般性和特征性两类地质判别标志，前者在水库地震和天然地震中均可出现，后者一般是水库地震中所特有的标志，是判断发生水库地震的王要地质判据，故在水库选址、最低限度在大坝选址时，要避开具有明显诱发水库地震的地质标志地段。     

水文学研究进展与展望

水文学是研究地球上水的起源、存在、分布、循环运动等变化规律,并运用这些规律为人类服务的知识体系。水文学研究经历了由经验到理论、由简单过程到复杂系统、由定性描述到定量模拟的发展历程,其学科体系演进与科学技术进步及社会发展需求紧密联系,并由此衍生出诸如生态水文学、气象水文学、冰冻圈水文学、遥感水文学、同位素水文学、城市水文学、社会水文学等多种交叉研究领域与分支学科。当今水文学研究在水文多尺度观测、陆面—水文—社会耦合模拟及多源观测—模型同化技术等领域取得显著进展,水文学研究的广度和深度不断拓展。未来水文学研究将面向陆地水文循环的变化规律及其效应,重点关注水文循环变化特征和机理、水文循环变化趋势预估及水文循环变化的自然和社会影响等前沿课题;从原有就水论水研究思路转向在自然地理综合分析框架下以水循环为纽带开展的多尺度、多过程集成研究。     

黄河泛滥平原全新世沙尘暴活动的历史记录——以颖河上游一典型剖面为例

研究了淮河支流颖河上游嵩山东麓一典型全新世黄土-古土壤剖面,获得了较高时间分辨率的磁化率、粒度成分和>0.063mm粒级百分比含量等环境代用指标系列。通过地层对比研究,确定了该剖面的基本年代框架。分析了颖河上游全新世黄土-土壤磁化率、粒度特征,论证了颖河上游全新世黄土-土壤物质粒度成分与黄河泛滥沉积沙尘暴活动关系,揭示了颖河上游全新世黄河泛滥平原沙尘暴活动特征。3100aBP以来气候趋于干旱,黄河下游泛滥频率增加,风沙活动范围显著扩大,沙尘暴活动强烈。     

尼泊尔地区季节性水文负荷对地震活动性的调制作用

利用尼泊尔地区GPS时间序列季节性信号,构建区域季节性三维位移场和应力应变场模型,再结合降水和地震目录等数据,研究该地区季节性水文负荷对地震活动性的调制作用。结果表明：1）季节性地表位移与降水存在较强的时空相关性;2）季风期的降水对断层的长期运动趋势产生扰动,使库仑应力得到一定程度的释放,进而对地震活动产生抑制作用,并影响地震发生时间。