基于3S技术的西部石羊河流域土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究

在3S技术支持下,通过利用土地利用/土地覆盖信息分析参数对20世纪90年代中期和21世纪初两个时期石羊河流域土地利用变化进行的定量分析结果表明:7年间,土地利用类型发生变化比较大的地区是石羊河流域的东部和北部.整个流域湿地、冰川、耕地、裸露地、草地、盐碱地等都发生了变化.研究实践表明,利用3S技术进行国土资源调查,建立国土资源环境数据平台,每5~10年进行一次数据更新,可以很好地反映土地利用/土地覆盖的变化情况,从而为更好地研究土地利用、土地覆盖变化规律,为政府的宏观决策提供依据.     

数字城市空间管治体系模式的探讨

本文结合数字城市的特点 ,探讨了数字城市空间管治新模式。从数字城市环境中 ,城市管理所面临的全球化、多元化、信息化、网络化、智能化等背景 ,论证了数字城市空间管治宏观需求以及发展的必然性 ,提出数字城市空间管治内涵和空间准入、空间管制主要任务。依据数字城市空间管治信息采集平台、信息资源管理平台、空间管治决策服务平台、决策应用平台的任务目标 ,构建了数字城市空间管治体系结构。     

气候变化与我国海洋灾害风险治理探讨

本文基于观测数据和文献资料,分析了近几十年来气候变化下我国沿海海平面和海表温度,以及台风、风暴潮和赤潮等主要致灾因子及灾害损失的变化。结果表明,近40年来,我国沿海海平面和海表温度显著上升,上升速率分别为3.3 mm/a和0.016°C/a,高于全球平均和我国的历史变化水平,2017年中国沿海的海表温度达到了1960年有记录以来的最高值,并且自2000年以来,超强台风、风暴潮和赤潮等致灾事件的发生频次呈显著增加趋势;气候变化下,受关键海洋环境要素变迁和超强台风、风暴潮等极端事件的影响,我国沿海地区暴露度明显加大。随着我国海洋防灾减灾水平的提高,近30年来海洋灾害损失出现下降趋势。值得指出的是,每年各类海洋灾害总损失仍高达百亿元量级(年均直接经济损失约120亿元),其中,2005年总损失达到最高值,约332亿元,这与致灾事件的强度以及各致灾事件、灾种的叠加放大效应有密切关系。本文进一步从气候变化综合风险理论角度出发,结合海岸带及沿海地区致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露度和脆弱性及其相互作用关系,分析了气候变化背景下我国沿海地区海洋灾害风险的特征,探讨了有关海洋灾害的监测、预测预警和风险治理能力建设等若干科学问题,以期为我国沿海地区社会经济的可持续发展提供科学参考。     

基于管治理念的区域海岸带综合管理模式探究

海岸带综合管理(Integrated Coastal Zone Management,即ICZM)是一种能够协调多方利益冲突,并以实现海岸带资源配置最优化和公共利益最大化为目标的管理方法。以区域海岸带综合管理模式为研究对象,在分析地方海岸带综合管理存在问题的基础上,通过对西方管治理念的引介,构建了一个强调协调和融合的区域海岸带综合管理新模式,并对该模式的组织构成、管理计划的制定、冲突的解决、计划的实施和反馈以及管理模式有效运作的保障机制作了系统的阐述,以期推动海岸带地区的可持续发展。     

Leaning on user-groups: The role of civil society in fisheries governance

Fisheries have long been managed through public–private partnerships based on collaboration between government and user-groups. The alleged benefits of involving the latter—as representatives of civil society—are a management system that is more flexible and legitimate than one based exclusively on top–down command and control. A question that is rarely addressed is whether civil society is up to the task. Are voluntary associations fit—‘technically’ and ‘democratically’—to take on management responsibilities? Assessing the pros and cons of involving civil society in fisheries governance requires a closer look at the role of user-groups in public policy-making. This paper attempts to do that by examining certain aspects of the Norwegian system of fisheries management, focusing—in particular—on the role of its most prominent civil society player: the Norwegian Fishers’ Association. The association has long been a privileged partner, virtually monopolizing the attention and goodwill of government. How has this been justified, and does it still serve its original purpose? As the fishery has changed, so—we contend—has the association: from something akin to a public interest group into what is essentially a ‘trade union’ pursuing the economic interests of its most powerful members. How and why did this change—in goals and priorities—come about, and is it tenable that this particular partnership continues? What lessons, if any, can be drawn from the Norwegian case about the pros and cons of user involvement, interactive governance and the role of civil society in fisheries management?     

Limits of governability: Institutional implications for fisheries and coastal governance

Drawing on some recent developments in so-called “interactive governance theory”, it is argued that fisheries and coastal governance is basically a relationship between two systems, which could be termed a “governing system” and a “system-to-be-governed.” The former system is social: it is made up of institutions and steering mechanisms. The latter system is partly natural, partly social: it consists of an ecosystem and the resources that it harbors, as well as a system of users and stakeholders who form political coalitions and institutions among themselves. Obviously, we need to be concerned with the relationship and interaction between the governing system and the system-to-be-governed, which forms a system in its own right. According to governance theory, these systems share similar structural attributes: they are diverse, complex, dynamic and vulnerable. In order for governance to work they must somehow be compatible, in order to be mutually responsive. This is not a matter of natural mechanism but of institutional design by societal actors such as legislative bodies, planning agencies and civic organizations—alone, or in concert. What conditions, mechanisms and institutions are conducive to creating a better rapport between the governing system and the system-to-be-governed? Before we can start this discussion, we need to rethink our basic assumptions of what governance is, what governors do, and what we can expect from governance. How do we get from where we are now to where we want to be? In order to accomplish this we need something other than an instrumental, rational model. We need “a technology of foolishness” that emphasizes institutional experimentation and learning by doing.     

Three Management Challenges for Protection of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in a Tasmanian Multiple-use Conservation Area

Protected areas that are created to safeguard environmental values such as Indigenous culturescapes may in fact significantly fail in this task. This study concerns such an instance in far north-west Tasmania, where the government adopted a multiple-use resource conservation-development management model for the Arthur–Pieman Conservation Area (APCA). The model offers protection of cultural heritage values whilst permitting numerous community recreational and commercial uses. One particular objective is to protect ‘an extraordinary richness of Aboriginal cultural heritage’ in one of Earth's great archaeological regions (DPIWE, Arthur–Pieman Conservation Area Management Plan, 2002, p. iii). Yet under the auspices of multiple use, Aborigine and others report unremitting damage and loss of ancestral values. To examine how this is so in an actively managed protected area, perceptions of 16 environmental professionals and local residents engaged in APCA planning and management are used to identify three major challenges for appropriate custodianship of the Aboriginal cultural landscape: Aboriginal–Eurocentric conflicts; limited community governance capacities; and deficient regulatory provisions. It is concluded that APCA multiple-use management of heritage conservation is ineffectual and that an alternative governance model is required urgently. The management challenges examined here offer insights for problematic Indigenous cultural heritage conservation in other jurisdictions of Australia and elsewhere.     

Institutional arrangements for metropolitan government and strategic planning in Auckland

Abstract:  The task of designing appropriate institutional arrangements for metropolitan government and planning has recently proved highly contestable politically. We interrogate how the role of the Auckland Regional Council (ARC) was zealously contested and hollowed-out during the 1990s. More recently, the impacts of the neo-liberal reforms in Auckland have been mediated by a further round of local government reforms inspired by a Third Way ideology and by the imperative to respond to the planning crisis resulting from infrastructure underinvestment. New regionally based governance arrangements and planning processes have been created. We argue that this new commitment to regionalism can realistically expect to be tested by deep-seated political cleavages within Auckland and by Auckland's relationship with central government.     

电子政务数据资源的开发利用

如何使已有的政务数据实现有效共享并通过数据挖掘转变为知识和财富已经成为电子政务建设的一个关键内容。该文分析了电子政务数据资源开发利用的重要性，建议尽快制订政务元数据标准，以促进政务数据共享。提出了电子政务数据仓库的体系结构和建设内容，并且认为把分布式数据挖掘技术引入电子政务中对于政府决策支持意义重大。     

基于LBS的嵌入式数字城市空间管治GPS导航系统研究

探讨了基于LBS的嵌入式数字城市空间管治信息系统 (DCSGS)导航系统总体结构模型。设计实现了GPS自主导航系统的导航区域设置、航线设置、轨迹跟踪、航路标点等功能模块。介绍了开发平台与导航数据结构。详细给出了PDA系统与GPS导航仪通讯解决方案、轨迹跟踪推算定位算法和嵌入式GIS集成等关键技术。