A new area for earthquake resistant engineering: the control of seismic responses of structures

This paper summarizes the origin and idea of the control of civil engineering structures and reviews the state-of-the art of recent advances in structural control both theoretically and technologically. The prospects for structural control and key research objects to remain to be solved are put forward at last. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 375–380, 1993.     

材料科学和地质学的发展及前景(英文)

材料科学可定义为一门涉及化学、物理学、矿物学、地质学、冶金学和合成材料等领域的科学。“工具制造者的人类” ,主要是使用石器 ,并由此而增进了其智能的发育。燧石、石灰岩中氧化硅富集体提供了制作武器和工具的材料 ,土壤则可用于制陶业和陶瓷业。材料科学主要是由研究工业矿物演化而来 ,它与地质学的关系密切 ;合成材料以其特殊的性能满足了人们的需求。火和压力在处理天然材料的工艺发展中起着头等作用 ;金银铜铁及其它金属能用作装饰品、防御武器和制造工具。有些金属的使用显示了人类各历史时期的特点。人们后来发现某些结晶体具有特殊的性质 ,如石英的压电性、红宝石激光 ,钻石和刚玉的高硬度 (可用作磨料 ,将来仍具开发潜力 )。合成材料和在太空合成的材料具有远大前景 (如碳的同素异形体carbyne car bynoid)。在材料科学中 ,特种玻璃 ,硬而防火的陶瓷、磨料、特殊耐火材料 ,只不过是材料科学中业已开发的几种工艺矿物而已。材料科学的发展对于现代文明和解决人类当今和未来所遇到的各种问题都极其重要。与世界人口增长相关的问题 ,可以通过科学、绿色革命和生物技术 ,以及一切天然资源的合理开发来解决 ,这将有助于避免“南北对抗”。肯定地说 ,材料科学及其未来的发展 ,会有助于人类去应付     

Transient analysis of wave propagation in non‐homogeneous elastic unbounded domains by using the scaled boundary finite‐element method

The scaled boundary finite‐element method has been developed for the dynamic analysis of unbounded domains. In this method only the boundary is discretized resulting in a reduction of the spatial dimension by one. Like the finite‐element method no fundamental solution is required. This paper extends the scaled boundary finite‐element method to simulate the transient response of non‐homogeneous unbounded domains with the elasticity modulus and mass density varying as power functions of spatial coordinates. To reduce the number of degrees of freedom and the computational cost, the technique of reduced set of base functions is applied. The scaled boundary finite‐element equation for an unbounded domain is reformulated in generalized coordinates. The resulting acceleration unit‐impulse response matrix is obtained and assembled with the equation of motion of standard finite elements. Numerical examples of non‐homogeneous isotropic and transversely isotropic unbounded domains demonstrate the accuracy of the scaled boundary finite‐element method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非洲"铜带"铜钴工业地域综合体初步研究

非洲“铜带”是世界上最大的铜钴工业综合体之一。通过实地调查和资料分析,揭示了“铜带”铜钴工业的地域组合特征及空间布局的内在联系规律;剖析了“铜带”铜钴工业地域综合体形成的主要地理条件,尤其是制约冶金工业生产布局的矿物资源、电力和交通运输条件;探讨了主导工业部门在工业地域综合形体形成和区域经济社会发展过程中“联动”和“极化”作用。这对我国在矿山开发过程澡,充分发挥矿业的主导作用带动区域经济社会发展,     

Resource-based development in the Russian Far East: Problems and prospects

The paper examines the prospects for resource-based development in the Russian Far East. It adopts a critical perspective on the potential for resource-based development by examining problems with Far East resource industries, specifically by looking at the experience of the other resource economies more generally. In particular, it highlights the new geo-economic context for resource development in the Far East of Russia as the world economy approaches the much touted, and now questioned, ‘Pacific Century’.     

怀来地震台伸缩仪EW向改进试验

对怀来台伸缩仪EW向基线固定端、传感器进行布设改进试验,将原有28m长基线改为两段短基线（东段：14．6m,西段：13．4m）。改进后,两条短基线取得了较好的观测成果,其中东段基线改造效果非常明显,观测曲线干扰减少,光滑度显著提高,观测数据精度明显优于改造前的观测数据。这次改造试验解决了困扰怀来台多年的难题。     

京津冀生产性服务业空间分工特征及溢出效应

生产性服务业在京津冀地区的合理分工对于实现京津冀地区空间协调发展具有非常重要的推动作用。利用2003-2012年京津冀地区13个地级城市面板数据,测算了京津冀生产性服务业分工的空间特征与行业特征,并基于空间面板计量模型,实证检验了生产性服务业各行业在京津冀地区城市之间的空间外溢效应。主要结论：① 北京和天津在京津冀生产性服务业分工体系中都呈现出多样化的特征,而河北省11个城市则呈现出专业化特征,大多专注于金融服务业和交通运输业的发展;② 北京与天津之间的生产性服务业分工程度相对较低,并且从动态上两个城市的生产性服务业结构呈现趋同的趋势;③ 金融服务业、商务服务业、信服务业和交通运输业在京津冀地区的地方化程度较高,而科技服务业和房地产服务业的地方化程度则明显偏低。④ 地方化程度较低的科技服务业和房地产服务业在京津冀地区各城市间的空间外溢效应显著,但受交易成本和对“面对面”接触需求的影响,空间溢出效应随距离增加而衰减,在150 km范围内的空间溢出效应最强;而地方化程度相对较高的交通运输业、金融服务业和商务服务业的空间外溢效应则不显著。信息服务业在京津冀地区城市间的溢出仅体现在相邻城市之间。实证结果一定程度上反映生产性服务业各行业的地方化程度越低,城市之间的空间溢出越易实现。     

Spatial Distribution Assessment and Source Apportionment of Land-Based Pollutant Yield from Qingdao,China

The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.     

Pseudodynamic tests on rubber base isolators with numerical substructuring of the superstructure and strain‐rate effect compensation

A pseudodynamic testing procedure has been applied by which the seismic response of a base‐isolated building is obtained by using as specimen the isolators, while the superstructure is numerically simulated. The procedure also takes advantage of the continuous pseudodynamic testing capabilities of the ELSA laboratory, which increase the accuracy of the results and reduce the strain‐rate effect of the rubber bearings. A simple proportional correction of the measured forces compensates the remaining strain‐rate effect due to the unrealistic speed of the test. The correction factor is obtained by means of a characterizing test on the specific rubber isolators. The developed method has been successfully applied to the prediction of the seismic response of a base‐isolated four‐storey building submitted to several specified accelerograms. The results for those earthquakes as well as the effects of some changes of the parameters of the system are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Addressing Scottish rural fuel poverty through a regional industrial symbiosis strategy for the Scottish forest industries sector

Tackling fuel poverty is central to the delivery of the Scottish Executive’s commitment to social justice. Many Scottish rural households are not linked into the mains gas network and rely on expensive alternatives, despite being surrounded by plentiful supplies of low-cost renewable wood biomass. A regional study was undertaken to establish the potential market for pelletised wood fuel, available as a low-value by-product from the rapidly expanding Scottish forest industry sector. The wider implications of the research findings are analysed by extending the principles of industrial symbiosis from a site-specific to a regional scale. Promoting an indigenous pellet-based wood fuel market for rural Scotland would fulfil important Scottish Executive economic, social and environmental sustainability objectives. Adding off-site social symbiotic elements increases the potential for on-site technical symbiosis in nascent Scottish forest industry clusters. At present, market failure is preventing the realisation of these benefits, and the paper concludes by identifying ways in which market intermediation, through wood fuel energy service companies, might overcome the current barriers to exploiting such symbiosis.