高光谱遥感土地质量指标信息提取研究进展

高光谱遥感技术已成为提取土地质量指标的前沿技术之一。该文回顾了国内外高光谱遥感技术在土地质量指标提取中的研究进展,总结归纳了作为土地生态系统载体的土壤属性质量指标和反映生态系统结构功能的质量指标中的土壤有机质、全氮、土壤水分、铁氧化物、土壤重金属、土壤质地、土壤盐分、植被覆盖度、生物量、指示种10个指标的提取、敏感波段选择与反演方法,指出研究中存在的问题,最后展望了高光谱遥感技术在土地质量指标提取研究中的应用前景。     

Ecological indicators showing the succession of macrofauna communities in Sonneratia apetala artificial mangrove wetlands on Qi’ao Island at Zhuhai, South China

The Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves in the intertidal zone of Da Wei Bay at Qi’ao Island of Zhu-hai, South China were chosen as the macrofauna succession plots while bare tidal flats of the same size were established as control plots in surrounding interference-free areas. Conventional change indicators of community structure, such as biomass and biodiversity, and indicators, such as exergy and specific exergy, which reflect the information change of overall communities, were used to analyze the succession of macro-fauna communities inS. apetala artificial mangroves. The similarities and differences in variation tendency of the different ecological indicators and their reflected ecological principles were compared. The results showed that from D-1 to D-1275 after plantingS. apetala, the biomass of the macrofauna communities first increased, which was then followed by an increase in the network relationship between the macrofauna communities （analysis of the Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. The system in-formation （specific exergy） increased the slowest. Between D-1460 and D-2370 after plantingS. apetala, there was a decrease in biomass, network structure, and system information in the succession plots. After the decrease in the system information （the specific exergy）, there was a decline in the network relationships （Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. Biomass was the last indicator to decrease. The similarities and differences among the different ecological indicators varied during the succession pro-cess, which reflected the relativity and differences among the indicators. This study suggested that, although the species diversity index can be an effective indicator of two types of changes （network structure and system information）, it was quite clear that species diversity measurement was not suitable for expressing the changes in biomass during the succession process. While exergy and specific exergy can provide useful information     

The use of ocean color remote sensing in integrated coastal zone management—A case study from Himmerfjärden,Sweden

In this study the use of ocean color data as a diagnostic tool in integrated coastal zone management was investigated as part of the Science Policy Integration for Coastal Systems Assessment (SPICOSA) project. Parallel to this, an operational coastal monitoring system has been set up in close collaboration with end-users. The core work of the bio-optical part in the project was to develop Secchi depth and attenuation of light as indicators for coastal zone management, by linking remote sensing with the socio-economic and ecological model developed in SPICOSA. The article emphasizes the benefits of stakeholder involvement and end-user feedback for efficient and improved system development. Furthermore, conceptual models were developed on how to integrate remote sensing data into coastal zone management and into a physical-biological model of the Baltic Sea. One of the work packages in the SPICOSA project was academic training. In this work package, on-line teaching material in the field of remote sensing and bio-optics was developed and disseminated on the SETnet web page. The article presented here may act as supportive material for training in bio-optics and remote sensing.     

山东暴雨天气学预报指标的统计特征分析

采用山东省2000—2011年逐日、逐时降水资料和NCEP最终分析资料,研究了山东省暴雨天气学指标物理量的时空分布,获得了不同季节、区域和范围的暴雨预报指标特征。研究表明:山东暴雨有明显的夜间增强趋势。业务中常用的暴雨指标物理量均有不同程度的季节性变化特征,一方面表现在指标物理量的阈值有明显的季节性差异,例如暴雨的850 hPa比湿指标在4、5月仅为10 g·kg~(-1),而7月则可达14 g·kg~(-1);另一方面不同季节的水汽、动力和热力不稳定等因子对暴雨贡献也不尽相同,通常盛夏季节暴雨的水汽因子较高,而动力因子偏低,而且对流不稳定性较强,但斜压性减弱,其他季节的暴雨则相反。山东暴雨指标物理量的区域性差异没有季节性差异明显,同时各因子的区域差异也并不一致,具体来说鲁南暴雨需要更强的水汽,同时热力不稳定性因子也较高,K指数比其他区域约高0.5℃,而半岛地区暴雨动力因子更强。同时,大范围暴雨和区域暴雨需要更好的水汽条件、更强的动力条件,但对流不稳定条件较低,而局地暴雨则与此相反。     

吐鲁番盆地冬季气温变化及特色林果冬季冻害指标分析

利用吐鲁番东坎农业气象试验站和鄯善气象站近52a（1960-2011年）冬季逐日资料,分析入冬期、冬季平均气温、极端最低气温、低温日数、负积温变化特征,以及特色林果葡萄、红枣冻害发生年最低气温的变化特征,探讨冬季气温变化与冻害发生的关系,总结冻害成灾指标,为防止果树冻害提供理论依据。分析结果表明：吐鲁番盆地冬季平均气温和最低气温呈上升趋势,入冬期偏晚,冬季结束时间提早,冬季持续日数缩短;冬季气温在1985年发生突变,存在7a的周期变化。在无稳定积雪的情况下,最低气温负积温较历年平均值低180．0℃以上,日最低气温≤-18．0℃持续15d以上,且日最低气温连续≤-20．0℃持续5d以上,休眠期的红枣、杏树花芽会发生中度冻害;最低气温负积温较常年低200．0℃以上,日最低气温≤-20．0℃持续7d以上,且日最低气温≤-21．0℃持续5d以上,红枣、杏树及无积雪、覆土厚度〈30cm的葡萄会发生严重冻害。     

庐枞盆地泥河铁矿床成矿岩体三维形态学分析及找矿指标研究

泥河铁矿床位于长江中下游成矿带内庐枞盆地的西北部,属玢岩型铁矿床,前人对该矿床的基础地质研究已有一定成果,积累了大量的数据资料,表明泥河铁矿床的形成与辉石闪长玢岩顶面形态关系密切。本文选择泥河铁矿床闪长玢岩为研究对象,以钻孔资料为依据,采用离散光滑插值法建立成矿岩体的精细三维模型,重现了闪长玢岩体的形态特征,将三维模型离散化后提取岩体顶面并通过三维形态分析方法进行数值分析,提取了岩体表面的隆起、凹陷形态,并与已知矿体进行对比,验证了该矿床成矿岩体隆起形态与矿体位置的对应关系。本文通过多次实验确定最佳表达的滑动窗口尺寸和与成矿岩体形态有关的找矿指标,结果证明利用10×10个单元的滑动窗口可以识别80%以上矿体。本文对三维成矿预测中三维空间分析方法进行探索,证明成矿岩体三维形态分析方法的有效性,这一方法可直接应用于与泥河铁矿床类似的玢岩型铁矿床三维成矿预测中。     

河南千鹅冲钼矿地球化学异常特征及找矿模型

河南省光山县千鹅冲钼矿是近年在大别山北麓发现的特大型隐伏斑岩钼矿床。通过梳理该矿床从发现到突破近30年的找矿历程,研究矿床成矿地质特征及与矿床相关的元素区域异常、局部异常和原生异常特征,总结了该钼矿地球化学找矿标志及找矿模型。该矿床的找矿实践又一次证明了斑岩型钼矿化探具有较好的找矿效果,无论是1∶20万、1∶5万水系沉积物测量,还是1∶1万土壤测量或钻孔岩石测量等方法,均能揭示斑岩型钼矿的指示元素,并具有良好的找矿指示作用。     

耦合高维排序权和对偶线性规划的综合指数算法

区域可持续与高质量发展需定期监测并科学评估。综合指数评价是应用最为广泛、信息传输效率最高的评估方法。该方法将表征区域发展质量不同侧面的系列指标加权聚合为单个指数,其核心是采用或客观或主观的方式确权。客观确权基于指标的数值统计特性实现,故权重值随指标值而改变,实非“客观”;主观确权能反映决策者智慧,但指标过多时难以实现。学界新提出的基于耦合排序权和熵权法的综合指标法允许决策者确权时仅给出权重排序,但仅支持低维情况（限制为3个指标）。本文在其基础上,借助对偶线性规划推导,使其适用性不再受限于指标数（即实现高维排序权）。同时,对指标的聚合方式进行修改,扩大了算法的适用范围;对熵权法的使用进行修正,增强了算法结果的可解译性。基于推导结果,本文进一步发展出单排序、复排序、全排序3种不同模式下的综合指数计算方法,以满足决策者主观性强、弱、无等不同情况。最后,将算法用于全球可持续发展格局的时空评价分析。本文新发展的算法同时适用于高低不同维度的指数聚合、可兼顾决策者不同层次的主观参与度,具有较强的普适性。     

东昆仑巴隆河西金矿地质特征与找矿标志

巴隆河西金矿床是东昆仑金成矿带近年来新发现的金矿床,其形成时代、地质特征与矿床类型尚不明确。本次在详细野外地质调查的基础上,通过构造-蚀变填图、锆石U-Pb定年和综合对比等方法,研究巴隆河西矿床的成矿特征和岩体侵位时代,以确定该矿床的成因类型与成矿时代。构造-蚀变填图发现巴隆河西矿床的金矿化赋存于花岗质岩体的9条构造蚀变带,明确了5个金矿体呈带状分布于北西西向断裂中,揭示金矿化与高岭土化、褐铁矿化、硅化和黄铁矿化等蚀变密切相关。赋含金矿化的花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,其侵位时代分别为202.5±1.8 Ma和222.1±1.1Ma,属于印支晚期,约束了巴隆河西金矿的形成时代。结合区域岩浆活动时限、巴隆金矿地质特征、矿体产状与中低温矿物组合特征,提出巴隆河西矿床为造山带型金矿,推断逆断层及其伴随的热液活动是巴隆河西矿床金元素活化、迁移和富集的关键因素,指出北西西向构造蚀变带是该区带金矿成矿的有利部位。