富集铊汞砷的生物是滥木厂铊矿床找矿和铊矿区污染的标志

滥木厂铊矿区植物和动物中Ｔｌ、Ｈｇ、Ａｓ含量变化总的趋势是以Ｈｇ最高,Ｔｌ次之,Ａｓ最低为特点。它们明显受生物赖以生存的地质地球化学和生物地球化学环境制约,尤其是矿区水、土壤和岩、矿石中高背景Ｔｌ、Ｈｇ、Ａｓ含量制约。矿区生物中Ｔ１、Ｈｇ、Ａｓ含量异常高,不难看出,矿区生物中Ｔ１、Ｈｇ、Ａｓ含量的高低,不仅是判别矿区污染程度的标志,也是找矿,特别是找盲矿体的标志。     

社区可持续发展指标体系研究——以上海崇明为例

本文探索了在专业人员指导下的小组参与方法建立符合中国国情的社区可持续发展指标体系。研究以上海崇明为例,分析了不同社会群体对可持续发展的认识和需求,比较了不同经济发展水平、不同社会背景和不同决策层面对可持续发展的不同关注点,提出由4个核心指标、7个扩展指标和5个附加指标构成的社区可持续发展指标体系,为其他地区制订可持续发展指标体系提供了参考,并有利于实施社区发展可持续性的评估。     

The Lanmuchang Tl deposit and its environmental geochemistry

Tl is a dispersed element and it seldom occurs in the form of independent minerals.The world annual production of Tl is about 13 ton, most of which is by-product separated from non-ferrous metal products. Lanmuchang is the only large-size independent Tl deposit in the world. Bio-enrichment and hydrothermal reworking are the two important metallogenic mechanisms of this Tl deposit. Samples of plant and animal organs and villagers’ urine as well as hair and nail (toenail) samples from the Tl mining district were analyzed. Analytical results showed that the contents of Tl, Hg and As are high, suggesting that the residents and villagers in the mining district have been affected by Tl-Hg pollution, and on the other hand, they can serve as the guidelines for ore prospecting. The contents of Tl, Hg, and As in human beings and other organic bodies depend largely on the background values of these metals in rock, ore, soil and water.     

基于动态因子的区域生态安全评价——以河北省万全县为例

本文以河北省万全县为例, 探索在GIS 和RS 技术支持下进行区域生态安全综合评价的 方法。数据包括1992 年8 月的TM影像、2002 年8 月的ETM+和SPOT 影像、1∶5 万DEM等; 选取 植被指数变化、土地利用类型变化和土壤有机质含量变化三类动态评价因子; 采用综合指数法构 建了基于生态退化的动态评价模型; 应用最小二乘原理客观地计算出了模型中各指标的权重; 并最终在ArcGIS 9.0/Spatial Analyst 模块中生成了生态安全评价图, 使模型得以实现。结果表明 该县南部河川区生态安全要优于中部丘陵区和北部山区; 相对不安全区域占到全县总面积的 50.1%, 虽然不安全区域总体分布较为散落, 但在北部和中部相对集中; 总体生态安全评价值为 2.3, 标志着本地区的生态安全级别较低, 应引起当地政府的高度重视。另外, 采用动态评价因子, 比采用静态评价因子具有一定优势; 采用最小二乘原理计算模型中权重系数的方法比较实用和 科学, 降低了人为影响因素, 也可以避免主观判断产生的错误, 为评价模型中权重系数的确定提 供了一种新的方法和选择。     

城市地理数据生产及应用调查与评估分析

国内城市地理数据开发和应用水平差异很大,且不少城市面临诸多困难和挑战。本文使用问卷调查和案例分析的方法评估城市地理数据的开发和应用水平,为城市地理数据资源开发和持续利用提供战略建议。同时分析了地理空间数据的基本特征,强调了地理数据的重要性,提出反映地理空间数据生产与应用水平的关键指标,如专业人才与组织、数据投资与预算、数据生产与供应、数据标准与质量、空间数据基础设施、数据法令与政策、数据应用与效益、数据共享程度、成功应用数目等,建议依据这些基本要素构建评估指标体系。最后提出了城市地理空间数据生产与应用调查的组织、方法和程序,并建议政府主管部门或行业协会尽快展开有关工作。     

Performance of small-scale irrigation schemes in Lake Tana Basin of Ethiopia: technical and socio-political attributes

This study was conducted to investigate technical and socio-political attributes that lead to the underperformance of two selected irrigation schemes (Shina and Bebeks) in the Lake Tana floodplains, Ethiopia. Irrigation application efficiency (AE) at nine experimental fields showed a wide range, from 20 to 80%, but was mostly between 40 and 60%. Irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) varied from 1.9 to 7.2 kg m^?3 for onion and 0.9 to 1.2 kg m^?3 for maize. The lined and earthen canal conveyance losses in Bebeks were 0.037 and 0.047 l s^?1 m^?1, whereas in Shina they were 0.033 and 0.044 l s^?1 m^?1, respectively. The overall consumed ratio (OCR) of water was 0.58 for Bebeks and varied from 0.73 to 1.2 in Shina. Both schemes are performing below the standard based on technical performance indicators. Irrigation water user associations (WUAs) were not implemented, but irrigation committees (ICs), composed of local political leaders, are managing both schemes. Canal and reservoir sedimentation from erosion of upstream catchment areas during the rainy season was the major problem.     

Strain analysis of a seismically imaged mass‐transport complex,offshore Uruguay

Strain style, magnitude and distribution within mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) are important for understanding the process evolution of submarine mass flows and for estimating their runout distances. Structural restoration and quantification of strain in gravitationally driven passive margins have been shown to approximately balance between updip extensional and downdip contractional domains; such an exercise has not yet been attempted for MTCs. We here interpret and structurally restore a shallowly buried (c. 1,500 mbsf) and well‐imaged MTC, offshore Uruguay using a high‐resolution (12.5 m vertical and 15 × 12.5 m horizontal resolution) three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey. This allows us to characterise and quantify vertical and lateral strain distribution within the deposit. Detailed seismic mapping and attribute analysis shows that the MTC is characterised by a complicated array of kinematic indicators, which vary spatially in style and concentration. Seismic‐attribute extractions reveal several previously undocumented fabrics preserved in the MTC, including internal shearing in the form of sub‐orthogonal shear zones, and fold‐thrust systems within the basal shear zone beneath rafted‐blocks. These features suggest multiple transport directions and phases of flow during emplacement. The MTC is characterised by a broadly tripartite strain distribution, with extensional (e.g. normal faults), translational and contractional (e.g. folds and thrusts) domains, along with a radial frontally emergent zone. We also show how strain is preferentially concentrated around intra‐MTC rafted‐blocks due to their kinematic interactions with the underlying basal shear zone. Overall, and even when volume loss within the frontally emergent zone is included, a strain difference between extension (1.6–1.9 km) and contraction (6.7–7.3 km) is calculated. We attribute this to a combination of distributed, sub‐seismic, ‘cryptic’ strain, likely related to de‐watering, grain‐scale deformation and related changes in bulk sediment volume. This work has implications for assessing MTCs strain distribution and provides a practical approach for evaluating structural interpretations within such deposits.     

荒漠生态质量科学框架:概念、指标、监测及评估（英文）

荒漠生态系统是地球上最大的陆地生态系统,全球四分之一的人口生活在这一区域。清晰地定义荒漠生态系统生态质量,制定反映生态质量优劣的关键监测指标,集成"星–空–地"一体化监测技术、构建综合评价模型可为干旱区生态质量监测、促进区域可持续发展提供技术支撑。荒漠生态质量是指一定时空范围内荒漠生态系统要素、结构和功能的综合特征。该研究通过集成卫星、无人机和地面传感器网络的"星–空–地"一体化监测技术,在区域和站点两个尺度上对荒漠生态系统的生态要素、生物多样性和生态功能进行连续监测,通过标准化生态质量指标数值、厘定其阈值范围,构造判断矩阵建立生态质量综合评价模型,评价荒漠生态系统质量状况。本论文阐明了构建荒漠生态质量动态综合监测技术规范与评价方法的概念框架,为实现我国荒漠生态系统生态质量综合监测、科学诊断和定量评估提供理论基础。     

The Scientific Conceptual Framework for Ecological Quality of the Dryland Ecosystem: Concepts,Indicators, Monitoring and Assessment

The dryland ecosystem is the dominant component of the global terrestrial ecosystem since arid regions occupy 45% of the earth’s land area and feed 38% of the world's population. The stability and sustainable development of the dryland ecosystem are critical for achieving the millennium development goal (MDG) in the arid and semiarid areas. However, there is still no scientific guideline for measuring and conserving the health and productivity of dryland ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop the scientific conceptual framework of defining, monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of dryland ecosystems. The ecological quality of dryland ecosystems is represented by a system of comprehensive indicators that are each extracted from the ecological elements, and structural and functional indices of the ecosystem. These indicators can be monitored by integrating satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles with ground-based sensor networks at the scale of either observational sites or regional scales. Finally, the ecological quality can be evaluated by evaluation models based on the normalized index values and their thresholds. This paper presents a conceptual framework for monitoring and evaluating the ecological quality of drylands, which provides a way of advancing the monitoring, diagnosis, and evaluation of the ecological quality of the dryland ecosystems.     

基于WSR框架的《开发区土地集约利用评价规程》指标体系分析

旨在剖析我国《开发区土地集约利用评价规程》中指标体系存在的问题并提出改进建议。在界定开发区土地集约利用内涵基础上,从要素特征(W维)、利用目标(R维)和评价过程(S维)等3个维度阐述了开发区土地集约利用评价的系统要求,构建关联分析矩阵,对《规程》中评价指标体系的特征差异化、层次完整性和目标关联性等3个方面进行了分析讨论。针对当前《规程》中存在的评价对象混杂、开发区类型需要细化、指标体系不完整、计算方法需修正等问题提出了相应修改建议。