滑动时间窗技术在地基GPS数据实时解算中的应用

滑动时间窗技术使用移动的时间窗定义参与解算的GPS(全球卫星定位系统)数据的起止时间,使得最新的观测数据得以加入实时的数据解算,获得最接近实况的观测结果。使用固定宽度的时间窗,可在保证模糊度解算精度的同时,占用最少的计算机资源。以2008年中国境内6个IGS(国际全球卫星定位服务局)测站全年数据为例,采用滑动时间窗技术,用不同的时间窗宽度计算各测站的逐时对流层参数,以CODE网站上公布的上述测站的逐日天顶总延迟(Zenith Total Delay,ZTD)作为标准值,分别统计其标准差,分析不同宽度的时间窗对ZTD解算精度的影响。结果表明,业务化的"地基GPS实时水汽反演系统"应用滑动时间窗技术,将时间窗宽度设定在8h左右,可以在获得高精度对流层参数的同时,满足业务的实时性需要。     

GPS多路径误差处理技术

GPS高精度定位和授时中存在多路径效应。本文介绍了多路径效应产生的原理、作用特性,并着重从三个方面归纳、分析比较了目前国内多种关于多路径误差的处理技术。本文在北京基站进行了GPS单站定时实验,分析实验结果认为,多路径效应是GPS授时中不可忽视的误差因素。     

3颗脉冲星自转性质的研究

正常脉冲星和亳秒脉冲星都表现出计时噪声.脉冲星的自转变化是造成计时噪声的重要原因之一.通过联合新疆天文台南山25m射电望远镜和澳大利亚Parkes64m射电望远镜的脉冲到达时间数据,使用脉冲星计时的方法对PSRJ1539--5626、J1832- -0827和J1847- -0402的自转进行分析研究,它们在到达时间残差上均表现出很强的计时噪声,低频噪声的功率谱分别符合谱指数为-6、-6、 -4.5的幂律,功率谱强度分别为1.77 x 10^-17 yr³、4.43x 10^-18 yr³和2.09x 10^-18yr3.这3颗脉冲星在自转频率1阶导数的变化上都表现出较为明显的振荡,振荡幅度分别为0.61(3)x 10^-15s^-2、0.54(5) x 10^-16s^-2和0.11(2) x 10^-15s^-2 (其中括号内数字代表末位数字的有效误差,下同),自转频率1阶导数振荡变化的相对大小分别是0.75(5)%、0.035(9)%、 0.076(2)%.利用Parkes 64 m射电望远镜的观测数据,分别获得了这3颗脉冲星积分脉冲轮廓及其半高全宽,发现3颗脉冲星的脉冲轮廓的宽度均有一定 的变化,变化幅度分别为0.0028(6)、0.00059(3)和0.00011(4)个相位.没有探测到自转减慢率的变化与辐射变化之间存在明显的相关性.     

The influence of environmental cues on the activity of silver eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) in Lake Manapouri,New Zealand

Lake Manapouri in the South Island of New Zealand has a significant hydroelectric generation facility, which potentially has a negative impact on the successful emigration of longfin eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) from the upper Waiau catchment. Consequently, a trap-and-transfer programme has been implemented to allow silver (migratory) eels access to the sea. The present study analysed data on the timing of captures and numbers of silver eels over four seasons, including the influence of possible migration cues. Silver eels were captured over an extended season of seven months (November–May), with peak numbers during December and January. Flow at the lake outflow was found to have a weak relationship with the number of eels caught, as did lake level, but moon phase and rainfall had no significant effect. These results highlight the variability in silver longfin eel behaviour both in terms of timing and response to potential environmental cues.     

长波信号中周期修正项对授时精度的影响

周期修正项是长波授时信号的一个特征量,它通常与长波授时信号的跟踪点有关。在授时过程中,它是影响长波传播路径时延计算的重要因素。讨论了长波定时信号接收端感应电动势周期修正项与发射端电流信号周期修正项的不同,分析了磁天线和电天线对周期修正项的影响,计算了实际传播介质中周期修正项的大小。结果表明:当传播路径上的电参数恒定时,周期修正项与传播距离有关,传播距离越大,感应电动势的周期修正项也越大,并且两者呈线性关系。同时,周期修正项也受等效电导率等因素的影响,在恒定的距离上,等效电导率越小,周期修正项反而越大。授时用户可以利用感应电动势周期修正项的数值计算结果修正传播路径上的时延,有效地提高传播路径时延计算的精度,从而提高授时精度。     

The final collision of the CAOB: Constraint from the zircon U–Pb dating of the Linxi Formation, Inner Mongolia

The Linxi Formation occupies an extensive area in the eastern Inner Mongolia in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).The Linxi Formation is composed of slate,siltstone,sandstone and plant,lamellibranch microfossils in the associated strata.Major and trace element data(including REE) for sandstones from the formation indicate that these rocks have a greywacke protolith and have been deposited during a strong tectonic activity.LA-ICPMS U—Pb dating of detrital zircons yield ages of 1801 to 238 Ma for four samples from the Linxi Formation.425—585 Ma,together with the ~500 Ma age for the metamorphism event previously determined for Northeast China,indicates that their provenance is the metamorphic rocks of Pan-African age that have a tectonic affinity to NE China.A few older zircons with U-Pb ages at 1689-1801 Ma,1307-1414 Ma,593-978 Ma are also present,revealing the Neoproterozoic history of NE China.The youngest population shows a peak at ca.252 Ma,suggesting that the main deposition of the Linxi Formation was at late Permain.Moreover,the ca.250 Ma zircon grains of all four samples yield weighted mean ~(206)Pb/~(238)U ages of 250 ± 3 Ma,248 ± 3 Ma,249 ± 3 Ma,and 250 ± 2 Ma,respectively.These ages,together with the youngest zircon age in the sample ZJB-28(ca.238 Ma),suggest that the deposition of the Linxi Formation extended to the early Triassic.Combining with previous results,we suggest that the final collision of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB) in the southern of Linxi Formation,which located in the Solonker-Xra Moron-Changchun suture,and the timing for final collision should be at early Triassic.     

有机岩石学在油气勘探中的应用

有机岩石学是在煤岩学和孢粉学基础上发展起来的一门学科，在油气勘探和评价中已成为一种重要的研究手段。综述了有机岩石学在显微组分分类、有机质成熟度、有机质丰度、类型、成烃作用和烃类生成、运移和聚集方面的进展，讨论了流体包裹体、储层沥青在油藏地球化学方面确定油气水界面、成藏期方面的应用。提出了有机岩石学在油气勘探中的发展方向。     

Comparison of event‐specific rainfall–runoff responses and their controls in contrasting geographic areas

Numerous studies have examined the event‐specific hydrologic response of hillslopes and catchments to rainfall. Knowledge gaps, however, remain regarding the relative influence of different meteorological factors on hydrologic response, the predictability of hydrologic response from site characteristics, or even the best metrics to use to effectively capture the temporal variability of hydrologic response. This study aimed to address those knowledge gaps by focusing on 21 sites with contrasting climate, topography, geology, soil properties, and land cover. High‐frequency rainfall and discharge records were analysed, resulting in the delineation of over 1,600 rainfall–runoff events, which were described using a suite of hydrologic response metrics and meteorological factors. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were then applied to synthesize the information conveyed by the computed metrics and factors, notably measures of central tendency and variability, variation partitioning, partial correlations, and principal component analysis. Results showed that some response magnitude metrics generally reported in the literature (e.g., runoff ratio and area‐normalized peak discharge) did not vary significantly among sites. The temporal variability in site‐specific hydrologic response was often attributable to the joint influence of storage‐driven (e.g., total event rainfall and antecedent precipitation) and intensity‐driven (e.g., rainfall intensity and antecedent potential evapotranspiration) meteorological factors. Mean annual temperature and potential evapotranspiration at a given site appeared to be good predictors of hydrologic response timing (e.g., response lag and lag to peak). Response timing metrics, particularly those associated with response initiation, were also identified as the metrics most critical for capturing intrasite response variability. This study therefore contributes to the growing knowledge on event‐specific hydrologic response by highlighting the importance of response timing metrics and intensity‐driven meteorological factors, which are infrequently discussed in the literature. As few correlations were found between physiographic variables and response metrics, more data‐driven studies are recommended to further our understanding of landscape–hydrology interactions.     

Is groundwater response timing in a pre‐alpine catchment controlled more by topography or by rainfall?

Groundwater levels in steep headwater catchments typically respond quickly to rainfall, but the timing of the response may vary spatially across the catchment. In this study, we investigated the topographic controls and the effects of rainfall and antecedent conditions on the groundwater response timing for 51 groundwater monitoring sites in a 20‐ha pre‐alpine catchment with low permeability soils. The median time to rise and median duration of recession for the 133 rainfall events were highly correlated to the topographic characteristics of the site and its upslope contributing area. The median time to rise depended more on the topographic characteristics than on the rainfall characteristics or antecedent soil wetness conditions. The median time to rise decreased with Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) for sites with TWI < 6 and was almost constant for sites with a higher TWI. The slope of this relation was a function of rainfall intensity. The rainfall threshold for groundwater initiation was also a function of TWI and allowed extrapolation of point measurements to the catchment scale. The median lag time between the rainfall centroid and the groundwater peak was 75 min. The groundwater level peaked before peak streamflow at the catchment outlet for half of the groundwater monitoring sites, but only by 15 to 25 min. The stronger correlations between topographic indices and groundwater response timing in this study compared to previous studies suggest that surface topography affects the groundwater response timing in catchments with low permeability soils more than in catchments with more transmissive soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蛇绿岩就位机制及时限

蛇绿岩就位机制可以划分出4种:1)碰撞仰冲型:被动大陆边缘或岛弧与洋壳碰撞时,俯冲到一定深度的硅铝质物质在浮力作用下折返,并上驮相对完整的大洋岩石圈残片到达地表;2)增生底垫型:洋底、海沟沉积物及海底较高地形的上层物质从俯冲板块上刮削下来,持续底垫到上覆板块之下,使大洋岩石圈残片逐渐被动抬高;3)俯冲剥离型:断裂发育相...