Surge deposit misidentification at Spor Mountain,Utah and elsewhere: A cautionary message for Mars

Before base surges were described in association with nuclear blasts and explosive volcanic eruptions (especially, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington), laminar and cross-bedded volcanogenic surge deposits were commonly misinterpreted as being of fluvial or aeolian origin. One well-documented example involves the “water-laid tuffs” in and near the Spor Mountain beryllium mine, Utah; other examples abound. In light of how frequently volcanogenic surge deposits have been misinterpreted on Earth, extreme caution is urged for Mars studies. Contrary to what has been claimed, the markedly cross-bedded, salty deposits at Meridiani Planum on Mars need not have been formed by a combination of aeolian and aqueous processes, and their contained hematitic spherules need not have formed as aqueous concretions. Given the lack of indications of volcanism in the vicinity, and the planet-wide abundance of impact craters, deposition by surges associated with distant impact targets consisting of brine-soaked, locally sulfidic regolith is a reasonable explanation for all features observed, especially if diagenesis and weathering are considered. The uniformly sized and shaped, Ni-enriched blue-gray hematitic spherules would then be some type of vapor condensation spherules (including accretionary lapilli). A similar interpretation is possible for deposits in the Home Plate area, Gusev Crater. Unlike on the dry and atmosphereless Moon, salty impact surge deposits containing spherules should be common, and well-preserved, on Mars.     

Characteristics of climate change in the “significant impact zone” affected by aerosols over eastern China in warm seasons

Through analysis of the distribution pattern and changing characteristics of atmospheric aerosols over the East Asia region during warm seasons in recent 20 a and beyond as well as their possible interactive relationship with a variety of meteorological elements, it is found that the high-value zone of aerosol optical depth derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), its significant negative correlation zones in terms of sunshine duration (SD) and surface air temperature (SAT) and its significant positive correlation zones with low-level cloud amount (LCC) are co-located in the South China region during warm periods. Based on this finding, the region is referred to as a “significant impact zone” (SI zone) affected by aerosols. Then, a comparative analysis is made on variation differences of observed SAT, SD and LCC, etc. in different regions. It is also found that the LCC is increased and the SD is decreased within the “SI zone” over eastern China during the warm season. These characteristics are more evident than those beyond the zone, while the warming trend within the zone is evidently weaker than that outside it. Studies show that since recent 20 a, under the influence of aerosols, the LCC tend to increase substantially with a clear decrease of SD and an unnoticeable warming trend within the “SI zone”. Comparing with the climate change beyond the zone, the difference is significant. Therefore, the effects of atmospheric aerosols on climate is possibly one of the contributions to the difference of climate change existed between the southern and northern parts of the Eastern China during a warm season. Supported by the International Sci-Tech Cooperative Project under the auspices of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (No. 2004DFA06100)     

旅游地居民对旅游影响感知和态度的比较 —— 以西递景区与九寨沟景区为例

旅游地居民感知与态度研究是旅游地理学研究的重要主题之一, 居民感知的跨区域、 跨文化的共时性分析是该领域研究未来努力的方向之一。选择世界遗产地西递和九寨沟为研 究案例, 进行旅游地居民旅游影响感知的比较研究。结果显示: ① 两地居民对旅游发展均表 现出积极态度, 但九寨沟居民的响应程度和支持程度更为强烈, 其旅游经济收入上要远高于 西递。② 九寨沟居民在旅游经济收益、旅游社会文化影响、旅游环境影响的上的感知均明显 强于西递, 同时在旅游经济成本感知上也明显强于西递。③ 相关分析和回归分析分别从样本 基本特征中识别了西递和九寨沟居民支持旅游发展态度的相关因素和判别指标。分析结果表 明, 不同类型的旅游地具有不同的旅游社区特征, 在旅游地性质、对旅游业的依赖程度、经 济发展水平、旅游资源产权归属、旅游管理体制、主客文化差异等社区特征上不同的东道主 社区应该有着不同的旅游感知。按照社会交换理论, 无论是从资产的收益权还是从受干扰补 偿方面, 西递古村落居民相对九寨沟风景区居民具有更高的收益期望, 这也导致了其实际获 益远低于期望收益, 故相对九寨沟居民, 西递表现出低估旅游经济收益、社会收益而高估社 会成本的倾向。     

西北太平洋台风对西北地区东部降水的影响分析

采用1961—2000年NCEP/NCAR资料、台风路径资料和西北东部48个代表站的降水资料,分析研究了台风与西北东部降水的相互关系。发现台风有利于西北东部降水的产生,敏感区位于河套;在多台风年,副热带高压位置偏北偏弱,西北东部盛行偏南风,有利于降水的产生;在少台风年,副热带高压偏南偏强,西北东部盛行偏北风,不利于降水的产生;台风活动期内,副高会西伸北抬,与西风槽、低涡、切变线共同造成西北东部降水的出现;通过建立台风对西北东部降水影响的天气概念模型,发现在台风活动期内,西北东部多锋面降水天气。     

Palaeoclimatic cycles, global environmental changes and new glacial periods induced by the impact of extraterrestrial bodies

In terms of Earth-Sun geometry, the Milankovitch theory has successfully explained most of the cyclic palaeoclimatic variations during the history of the Earth, especially in the Quaternary. In this paper, the authors suggest that the impact of extraterrestrial bodies on the Earth may be another mechanism to cause palaeoclimatic cycles, global environmental changes and new glacial periods. Based on geological and geochemical records in the boundary layers produced by six huge Cenozoic bolide-impact events (65, 34, 15, 2.4, 1.1, 0.73 Ma B.P.), including those at 34, 15, 1.1 and 0.73 Ma B. P. which are represented by four famous tektite-strewn fields, the process and mechanics of palaeoclimatic cycles and global environmental catastrophes induced by extraterrestrial impact are discussed in detail. Impact-generated dust, soot and aerosol floating in the stratosphere could result in short-term (<1 year), rapid drop in temperature immediately after impact. Through self-regulation of the Earth’s climate system, the temperature at the surface slowly went up within 100a and maintained stable for a long time at 250K. If there were no other factors leading to the break-down of the newly-established equilibrium, a new glacial pound would be initiated. Estimating from the thickness of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O anomalies in sediments across the impact boundary layer and deposition rate, the duration of two stages of the palaeoclimate cycle in the form of cold weather—greenhouse effect—normal weather was 10⁴ – 10⁵a, respectively. The conclusion deduced from the above model is supported by palaeotemperature change recorded by oxygen isotope in sediments across the impact boundary layer. The study was granted by the Scientific and Technological Bureau of Resources and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ952-J1-031) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

四川利君制衣综合大楼桩基方案选择及设计计算

根据建筑物地基的层位关系,土性和力学特征暨上部建筑的结构受力特点,并考虑了造价和施工方法,在对大直径冲击钻孔施工和其它方法进行了分析对比的基础上,论述了选择大直径冲孔灌注方案的依据及该类典型摩擦端承桩的设计计算方法 。     

欧洲洪水影响评价技术在长江流域的运用及其若干修正

本文回顾了欧洲洪水影响评价技术.突出的问题是怎样处理洪灾及如何使洪灾损失降到最低.很明显在长江流域开展洪水风险和潜在的损失评价非常有意义.而现有的欧洲洪水影响评价技术难以在长江流域直接运用.我们对其进行了若干修正,并引入了基于GIS/RS的综合水文水动力和最小损失评价模型,该模型己经较好地运用于长江流域洪水影响评价的研究项目.     

水库泥沙与防治

水库的修建及伴随而来的泥沙淤积与环境问题是当今世界上水资源开发利用中最关心的问题。本文根据国内外有关水库泥沙问题的文献资料,概述了国内外水库建设的发展情况,指出了水库泥沙淤积的严重性及其对水利工程和周围环境的影响,并介绍了各种类型水库的防淤、减淤及泥沙处理的方法和经验,可作为研究水库泥沙问题以及防治对策的参考。     

典型高原湖泊人类活动净氮磷输入时空变化及其影响因素——以云南星云湖为例

星云湖作为人类农业生产活动影响下环境问题突出的代表性高原湖泊,其水体健康与生态平衡对于区域可持续发展至关重要。因此,量化解析星云湖流域人类活动净氮磷输入时空来源变化及影响因素对于流域管理和湖泊恢复具有重要意义。基于社会经济统计数据,采用人类活动净氮输入(NANI)、人类活动净磷输入(NAPI)模型量化星云湖流域NANI、NAPI强度。结果表明,1989-2020年研究区NANI、NAPI均值分别为(14614±2196)和(3135±452)kg/(km²·a),时间上呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,且峰值出现在2015年,分别达到18076和3889 kg/(km²·a);空间分布上,除东部NANI、NAPI较低外,其余区域均较高;化肥和食物/饲料输入分别是NANI和NAPI的最大来源,占比分别为58.2%~63.8%和30.5%~59.5%。此外,基于模型选择和变量重要性分析发现,经济作物产量和畜禽密度是影响NANI、NAPI变化的最主要因素。因此,星云湖流域氮磷管控应从调整种植结构和模式等控源措施入手,加快经济模式转型。本研究结果可为星云湖流域建立有效的氮磷综合管理措施提供科学依据。