Characterisation of the environmental impact of the Rodalquilar mine,Spain by ground-based reflectance spectroscopy

This study has investigated the utility of using field-based reflectance spectroscopy to characterise the distribution and nature of the dispersion of tailings material from the Rodalquilar mine, Spain. Field spectral measurements covering the visible to shortwave infrared wavelengths (0.35 to 2.5 m) and laboratory analyses were performed on samples collected along the length of the main river within the Rodalquilar valley. The nature and degree of contamination at locations within the river channel were calculated by a range of spectrometric analyses. The resulting mineral maps identified that tailings material with significant amounts of hematite with minor jarosite, ferrihydrite and goethite, and clays, primarily alunite and kaolinite, with minor smectite and illite, had been dispersed along the length of the river. These results have been used to improve understanding of the erosion and remediation history of the Rodalquilar mine. This study has shown the potential of field-based reflectance spectroscopy, integrated with ground positioning and digital mapping systems, as a real-time mapping methodology enabling immediate, accurate characterisation of the nature and scale of tailings material dispersion.     

沽源超级环形构造与中生代成矿大爆发

由火山喷发、岩浆侵入或陨石撞击作用所形成的环形构造,是地球物质活化迁移的重要场所,对区域成矿过程具有极大的制约意义。在河北省西北部坝上地区,围绕沽源县城一带,早白垩世岩浆岩、布格重力异常及水系沉积物地球化学异常均呈现明显的多级环带分布。这种现象并非尚义-崇礼-赤城深大断裂与乌龙沟-上黄旗岩浆岩带的简单复合叠置,而是以沽源为中心的火山机构的具体表现。该环形构造至少可划分为三个岩浆岩环带,分布着早白垩世（K—Ar100～123Ma）安山质火山-沉积岩和燕山旋回第四期（K—Ar100～138Ma）次粗面岩、次安山岩、二长斑岩、石英正长斑岩等浅成超浅成侵入岩体或岩株,它们的银、铅、锌、镉、铀、钍、钼、砷、锑等元素显著活化和富集。该环形构造控制着蔡家营铅锌矿、张麻井铀钼矿、彭家沟银矿、青羊沟铅锌矿、牛圈银金矿及北岔沟门铅锌银矿的时空定位。若干迹象表明,沽源环形构造可能是白垩纪时期一次陨击事件（因火星和木星之间两颗小行星的碰撞）的结果,这也许是中生代成矿大爆炸的根本诱发机制。     

Major and trace element geochemistry of superficial sediments and suspended particulate matter of shallow saline lakes in Eastern Austria

General geochemical parameters of water, superficial sediments, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were determined from small shallow saline lakes (soda ponds) as well as from lake Neusiedlersee in eastern Austria. Additionally, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to determine the distribution of major, rare earth and other trace elements in superficial sediments and SPM. Chemical results show remarkable differences in salinity and ionic strength between the investigated ponds. Anthropogenic effects, such as drawdown of ground water level and a loss of lake water due to drainage, are clearly reflected in obtained chemical and geological data. Due to a strong dependence of the complexation and scavenging behavior of the rare earth elements (REE) on ionic strength, a significant difference between REE concentrations in soda ponds with different anthropogenic impact was found. The content and composition of authigenic evaporitic minerals in superficial sediments and SPM clearly differ with a fluctuating water level and salt concentration. Furthermore, we determined the distribution of major and trace elements in superficial sediments of a nearby fluvial system. Our results show a clear correlation between REE superficial sediment concentrations in anthropogenically degraded soda ponds and fluvial system. Therefore, we assume that REE concentrations of sediments and SPM are suitable for the study of geochemical changes of inland saline lakes due to anthropogenic impacts on water balance.     

基于LSDYNA的射流式液动锤回程动力 外传机构研究

设计一种改变冲击应力波在射流式液动锤内传播途径的结构,分析在不同传播途径中应力波衰减程度的改变,基于LSDYNA显式动力学分析方法,对冲锤回程阶段进行仿真分析,探究冲锤回程冲击在液动锤内两种不同传播途径的模型中射流元件受到的应力变化。研究表明,动力外传机构通过避免对缸体上部的刚性碰撞,能大大降低射流元件所受到的冲击应力,并且外传机构的几何参数对应力的衰减也有一定的影响。     

基于总位移指标的反倾岩质边坡倾倒变形影响因子敏感性分析

为分析反倾边坡倾倒变形影响因子敏感性差异,本文采用数值模拟与灰色关联相结合的方法进行研究。首先将边坡几何特征参数、岩体物理力学参数、岩层力学参数定为反倾边坡第一级倾倒变形影响因子,并从各一级因子中进一步划分出边坡坡度、岩层倾角、岩层柔度等12个次级影响因子;然后对各二级影响因子分别选取11个水平数,并将12个二级影响因子、11级水平数随机组合成11套数值模拟方案,采用UDEC进行各方案数值模拟分析;最后采用灰色关联理论以坡顶倾倒变形水平位移为参考序列对12个二级影响因子进行关联度计算,并进一步分析出了3个一级影响因子敏感性大小。研究结果表明：（1）12个二级影响因子对倾倒变形影响最大的是岩层倾角;（2）三个一级影响因子中几何特征参数对倾倒变形影响最大,岩层层理力学参数对反倾边坡变形影响次之,岩块物理力学参数对反倾边坡变形影响最小。     

Numerical study of nonlinear freak wave impact underneath a fixed horizontal deck in 2-D space

Freak waves are extreme and unexpected surface waves with huge wave heights that may lead to severe damage to ships and offshore structures. However, few researches have been conducted to investigate the impact underneath fixed horizontal decks caused by freak waves. To study these phenomena, a 2-D numerical wave tank is built in which nonlinear freak waves based on the Peregrine breather solution are generated. As a validation, a regular-wave-induced underneath impact is simulated and compared to the existing experimental measurements. Then the nonlinear freak-wave-induced impact is investigate with different values of deck clearance above the mean free surface. In addition, a comparative simulation of a “large” regular wave based on the 2nd-order Stokes wave theory with the same crest height and wave length of the nonlinear freak wave is carried out to reveal the unique features of the nonlinear freak-wave-induced impact. By applying a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) algorithm in which the bottom deck and front side wall are simplified as Euler beams in 2-D and discretized by the finite element method (FEM), the hydroelastic effects are considered during the impact event. The vertical force acting underneath the bottom deck, the transversal force acting on the front side wall, the structural displacements of the elastic deck and wall are analyzed and discussed respectively, from which meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

中国历史时期气候变化对社会发展的影响*

历史时期气候变化对社会发展的影响与人类适应问题,是当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。近年来,在利用丰富的历史文献资料研究中国历史时期(特别是过去2000年时段)气候变化与人类社会相互作用的过程机理方面取得了一系列新成果。本文将其归纳为3个方面: 理论上,构建了基于粮食安全的气候影响传递过程分析框架;方法上,实现了服务于气候变化影响研究的、基于语义差异的历史社会经济序列定量重建;科学认识上,总结出“冷抑暖扬”而又福祸相依的宏观韵律。在此基础上,对未来研究需要进一步深化的方向进行了展望。     

深圳市住宅用地价格影响因素空间差异化规律分析

影响因素是地价评估的核心和基础,深圳市目前还没有一套完整的影响因素体系,现有体系主观性较强,因此,制定一套合理的影响因素体系及分析其影响规律显得十分重要和迫切。采用了空间分析方法及特尔斐法,确定了住宅用地影响因素体系。运用地理加权回归模型(GWR模型)对体系中的11个影响因素进行分析,研究结果表明深圳市不同区域对相同影响因素的敏感性不一样,即影响程度不一样,深圳市住宅用地价格影响因素具有明显的差异化特征,为深圳市地价评估中选择估价因素、确定因素权重提供定量支撑。