循环载荷下饱和岩石的摩擦阻力研究

在循环载荷下岩石发生应力-应变的非线性弹性行为是普遍的,孔隙流体、载荷频率、围压、层理方向是造成岩石应力应变滞后、能量衰减、刚性变化等特征的重要外部变量。基于来自大庆、南京、合肥等地的砂岩样品,利用电液闭环伺服控制压机系统,开展了不同饱和流体砂岩的应力-应变滞回曲线、不同载荷频率和饱和流体对岩石的衰减、不同层理方向加载和卸载对岩石杨氏模量影响的实验对比研究,阐明了饱和岩石的非线性响应特征,揭示了外界影响因素对岩石产生非线性形变的作用机制,探讨了岩石内部触面间摩擦阻力在岩石发生非线性形变过程中发挥的媒介作用,并推断接触面颗粒之间的摩擦阻力可能是导致岩石发生衰减、滞后等非线性行为的内在因素。本研究拟通过岩石内部小尺度的摩擦作用与构造尺度断层面上的摩擦滑移相似性,来揭示地震发生时岩体失稳的动力学过程。     

Optimal design of an equipment isolation system with nonlinear hysteretic behaviour

Vibration isolation is well recognized as an effective mitigation strategy for acceleration‐sensitive equipment subjected to earthquake. In the present paper, an equipment isolation system with nonlinear hysteretic behaviour is proposed and a methodology for the optimal design is developed. An integrable constitutive model, derived from the mathematical Duhem hysteresis operator, is adopted for the isolation system. The optimization procedure is defined through a dual‐criteria approach that involves a transmissibility criterion combined with an energy performance criterion: the former consists in limiting the absolute acceleration of the isolated equipment below an allowable threshold value; the latter, in maximizing the ratio between the energy dissipation due to hysteresis and the input energy to reduce the isolator displacements. The seismic effectiveness of the nonlinear hysteretic isolation system is numerically investigated under natural accelerograms with different frequency content and increasing levels of excitation. Both ground‐mounted and floor‐mounted equipment items are considered in the analyses; in the second case, the dynamic interaction between the equipment and its supporting structure is taken into account in the design of the isolation system, and its effects on the isolation performance and the structural response are discussed. Comparisons in terms of effectiveness and robustness with a linear isolation system with viscoelastic behaviour are eventually provided. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement and modeling of moisture content above an oscillating water table: implications for beach surface moisture dynamics

This study examined the influence of tidally‐induced oscillations of the beach water table in regulating beach surface moisture dynamics. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the influence of hysteresis and transient flow effects on surface moisture variability. The experimental apparatus utilized a column of well‐sorted fine sand partially immersed in a reservoir of water. The water level in the reservoir was raised and lowered via a diaphragm‐metering pump to simulate tidally induced fluctuations of the water table, and the moisture content profile within the column was monitored using an array of Delta‐T probes. Moisture contents at specific elevations within the column were utilized as proxies to represent various ‘surface’ elevations (relative to the high water table). Results indicate that surface moisture content behaves in a distinctly hysteretic manner. Examination of water flow scanning curves illustrated that for all surface elevations considered, higher moisture contents for a given pressure head occurred during the drying cycle than during the wetting cycle. This observation is particularly evident with shallow surface elevations (i.e. water table close to the surface) where the Haines Jump phenomenon was found to have a significant influence on moisture content dynamics. Additionally, an assessment of the accuracy of hysteretic and non‐hysteretic models to predict the measured moisture contents demonstrated that hysteretic simulations consistently provide a better representation of the observed moisture contents than non‐hysteretic simulations. A time lag was found between the respective maxima and minima in water table elevation surface moisture content. At the near surface water table positions the time lag ranged between 30 and 100 minutes, and it increased to 240 minutes (four hours) with the high water table at 60 cm below the surface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PUBLICATIONS OF THE IAHS

Abstract

Gauging stations where the stage—discharge relationship is affected by hysteresis due to unsteady flow represent a challenge in hydrometry. In such situations, the standard hydrometric practice of fitting a single-valued rating curve to the available stage—discharge measurements is inappropriate. As a solution to this problem, this study provides a method based on the Jones formula and nonlinear regression, which requires no further data beyond the available stage—discharge measurements, given that either the stages before and after each measurement are known along with the duration of each measurement, or a stage hydrograph is available. The regression model based on the Jones formula rating curve is developed by applying the monoclinal rising wave approximation and the generalized friction law for uniform flow, along with simplifying assumptions about the hydraulic and geometric properties of the river channel in conjunction with the gauging station. Methods for obtaining the nonlinear least-squares rating-curve estimates, while factoring in approximated uncertainty, are discussed. The broad practical applicability and appropriateness of the method are demonstrated by applying the model to: (a) an accurate, comprehensive and detailed database from a hydropower-generated highly dynamic flow in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, USA; and (b) data from gauging stations in two large rivers in the USA affected by hysteresis. It is also shown that the model is especially suitable for post-modelling hydraulic and statistical validation and assessment.     

Environmental and land use factors affecting phosphate hysteresis patterns of stream water during flood events (Carpathian Foothills,Poland)

Flood events play a substantial role in the circulation of catchment phosphate (PO₄^3?). The purpose of the research was to analyze the factors determining PO₄^3? hysteresis patterns (direction and width) during four types of floods: short and long rainfall floods and snowmelt floods on frozen and thawed soil. The research took place in small catchments (forested, agricultural, mixed‐use) in the Carpathian Foothills in Poland. Anticlockwise hysteresis was identified in the forested catchment during short and long rainfall floods. Under the same conditions, the clockwise direction was observed in the agricultural catchment. In the mixed‐use catchment, the direction of PO₄^3? hysteresis loops was various, driven by the share of water flowing from each part of the catchment. For snowmelt floods, the PO₄^3? hysteresis pattern was similar in all the streams studied (usually clockwise). The direction of PO₄^3? hysteresis loops depends on water circulation patterns, which are determined by the different influx times of particular runoff components. The stream recharge mechanism during a flood event is affected both by the factor initiating the event (precipitation, snowmelt) as well as by land use in the given catchment. Hysteresis loop width was determined by the pool of PO₄^3? in a given catchment during the time period immediately preceding a flood event as well as by the quantity of PO₄^3? flushed out of the soil. The greater a catchment's pool of PO₄^3? and the greater its ability to flush PO₄^3? out of the soil and into surface flow, the wider the hysteresis loops. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Remanent hysteresis study of dolerite dykes

Saturation remanent hysteresis studies were carried out on numerous dolerite dyke samples from the peninsular India. These studies result in four types of remanent hysteresis curves which indicate that the magnetic material is magnetite or titanomagnetite with variable grain-size having remanent coercive forces (H _cr ) of 8 to 30 mT, requiring saturating fields (H _s ) up to 250 mT. Two extreme types of samples with (1) low coercive forces requiring high saturating fields and (2) high coercive forces requiring low saturating fields are noticed along with the generally observed ones. The Granulometric and Lowrie-Fuller Tests on these samples indicated that the magnetic material i.e., magnetite or titanomagnetite in these rocks is in the form of Multi-Domain (MD), Cation Deficient (CD) and a mixture of these two forms (MD+CD) within.     

基于相关函数理论的动模量和阻尼比计算新方法

基于相关函数理论,提出一种新的计算动三轴试验动模量和阻尼比的方法。假设土体为黏弹性体,采用自相关函数分析应力、应变波形的平均幅值,进而计算动模量;采用互相关函数分析应变滞后于应力时程波形的相位差,进而计算阻尼比。利用饱和珊瑚砂、南京细砂和原状粉质黏土的不排水应变控制分级循环加载试验数据,分析结果表明：动模量和阻尼比计算的相关函数法对不同土样具有普适性;应变幅值小于1×10?4时,相关函数法计算动模量及阻尼比的精度明显优于传统的滞回圈法;应变幅值大于1×10?3时,土体呈现强非线性特性,应力-应变滞回圈不对称,相关函数法计算的阻尼更为可靠。     

土-水特征曲线滞后阻塞模型

基于Young-Laplace方程利用土-水特征曲线估算孔隙分布,借鉴非饱和渗流统计模型,建立了土-水特征曲线的滞后模型。在某一基质吸力下对应的毛细半径上限的毛细水对更大孔隙半径的毛细水具有阻塞作用,阻塞概率与孔隙分布函数直接相关。孔隙分布函数自身属性体现了土体孔隙空间分布的非均匀性。该模型显示：在高基质吸力与低基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线与吸湿曲线趋近相等;中等基质吸力阶段,脱湿曲线饱和度高于吸湿曲线饱和度,两者的差值存在一个明显的峰值。并采用实例验证了该模型的可靠性,发现该模型对中、细粒土预测效果较好,而砂类土因孔隙分布不符合假设,导致存在较大误差。对于砂类土等特征尺寸较大的土质,引入阻塞概率修正系数,发现最佳修正系数与土-水特征曲线半对数坐标下的土-水特征曲线最大斜率呈反比例关系。