岩石滞后非线性弹性模拟的研究

在循环荷载作用下,孔隙饱和岩石呈现出闭合的应力-轴向（径向）应变滞后回线、轴向应变-径向应变滞后回线和X”形的瞬时弹性模量（杨氏模量和泊松比）等滞后非线性弹性特征,引入一种滞后非线性弹性材料的宏观模型 Preisach-Mayergoyz模型（PM模型）来描述岩石的这些特征。在PM模型中,孔隙饱和岩石的滞后非线性弹性特征由PM密度空间、施加的应力历史和岩石的滞后细观单元(HMU)的弹性特性所决定。在状态方程中,应变与关闭弹性单元数目占总单元数目的百分比成正比,而关闭弹性单元数目则与施加外力的历史有关,特别是在施加外力转向的时候。通过构造PM空间中不同的密度函数和设定HMU的弹性特性（平衡长度对）可以模拟性质不同的岩石,PM空间中不同的密度函数在一定程度上反映了岩石在循环荷载下的本构关系响应的不同性质。HMU中应变的响应与应力的路径有关,模型本身强调了施加于岩石的应力历史在决定岩石的弹性状态时的重要性,因此,可以用来模拟岩石的离散记忆,从这个意义上讲,孔隙饱和岩石的滞后特性是它具有离散记忆特性的原因。通过模拟,讨论了模型参数和岩石弹性模量之间的定量关系。     

Fluvial transport of suspended sediment and organic carbon during flood events in a large agricultural catchment in southwest France

Water draining from a large agricultural catchment of 1 110 km² in southwest France was sampled over an 18‐month period to determine the temporal variability in suspended sediment (SS) and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) transport during flood events, with quantification of fluxes and controlling factors, and to analyze the relationships between discharge and SS, DOC and POC. A total of 15 flood events were analyzed, providing extensive data on SS, POC and DOC during floods. There was high variability in SS, POC and DOC transport during different seasonal floods, with SS varying by event from 513 to 41 750 t; POC from 12 to 748 t and DOC from 9 to 218 t. Overall, 76 and 62% of total fluxes of POC and DOC occurred within 22% of the study period. POC and DOC export from the Save catchment amounted to 3090 t and 1240 t, equivalent to 1·8 t km^?2 y^?1 and 0·7 t km^?2 y^?1, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that total precipitation, flood discharge and total water yield were the major factors controlling SS, POC and DOC transport from the catchment. The relationships between SS, POC and DOC and discharge over temporal flood events resulted in different hysteresis patterns, which were used to deduce dissolved and particulate origins. In both clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis, POC mainly followed the same patterns as discharge and SS. The DOC‐discharge relationship was mainly characterized by alternating clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis due to dilution effects of water originating from different sources in the whole catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Young runoff fractions control streamwater age and solute concentration dynamics

We introduce a new representation of coupled solute and water age dynamics at the catchment scale, which shows how the contributions of young runoff waters can be directly referenced to observed water quality patterns. The methodology stems from recent trends in hydrologic transport that acknowledge the dynamic nature of streamflow age and explores the use of water age fractions as an alternative to the mean age. The approach uses a travel time‐based transport model to compute the fractions of streamflow that are younger than some thresholds (e.g., younger than a few weeks) and compares them to observed solute concentration patterns. The method is here validated with data from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest during spring 2008, where we show that the presence of water younger than roughly 2 weeks, tracked using a hydrologic transport model and deuterium measurements, mimics the variation in dissolved silicon concentrations. Our approach suggests that an age–discharge relationship can be coupled to classic concentration–discharge relationship, to identify the links between transport timescales and solute concentration. Our results highlight that the younger streamflow components can be crucial for determining water quality variations and for characterizing the dominant hydrologic transport dynamics.     

Estimating the deep seepage component of the hillslope and catchment water balance within a measurement uncertainty framework

Deep seepage is a term in the hillslope and catchment water balance that is rarely measured and usually relegated to a residual in the water balance equation. While recent studies have begun to quantify this important component, we still lack understanding of how deep seepage varies from hillslope to catchment scales and how much uncertainty surrounds its quantification within the overall water balance. Here, we report on a hillslope water balance study from the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon aimed at quantifying the deep seepage component where we irrigated a 172‐m² section of hillslope for 24·4 days at 3·6 ± 3 mm/h. The objective of this experiment was to close the water balance, identifying the relative partitioning of, and uncertainties around deep seepage and the other measured water balance components of evaporation, transpiration, lateral subsurface flow, bedrock return flow and fluxes into and out of soil profile storage. We then used this information to determine how the quantification of individual water balance components improves our understanding of key hillslope processes and how uncertainties in individual measurements propagate through the functional uses of the measurements into water balance components (i.e. meteorological measurements propagated through potential evapotranspiration estimates). Our results show that hillslope scale deep seepage composed of 27 ± 17% of applied water. During and immediately after the irrigation experiment, a significant amount of the irrigation water could not be accounted for. This amount decreased as the measurement time increased, declining from 28 ± 16% at the end of the irrigation to 20 ± 21% after 10 days drainage. This water is attributed to deep seepage at the catchment scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hysteretic freezing characteristics of riparian peatlands in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada

Freezing characteristics were investigated for a sedge covered floating fen and spruce covered swamp located beside a shallow lake in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada. Thermal properties were measured in situ for one freeze‐thaw cycle, and for two freeze‐thaw cycles in laboratory columns. Thermal conductivity and liquid water content were related to a range of subsurface temperatures above and below the freezing thresholds, and clearly illustrate hysteresis between the freezing and thawing process. Thermal hysteresis occurs because of the large change in thermal conductivity between water and ice, high water content of the peat, and wide variation in pore sizes that govern ice formation. Field and laboratory results were combined to develop linear freezing functions, which were tested in a heat transfer model. For surface temperature boundary conditions, subsurface temperatures were simulated for the over‐winter period and compared with field measurements. Replication of the transient subsurface thermal regime required that freezing functions transition gradually from thawed to frozen state (spanning the ?0·25 to ?2 °C range) as opposed to a more abrupt step function. Subsurface temperatures indicate that the floating fen underwent complete phase change (from water to ice) and froze to approximately the same depth as lake ice thickness. Therefore, the floating fen peatland froze as a ‘shelf’ adjacent to the lake, whereas the spruce covered swamp had a higher capacity for thermal buffering, and subsurface freezing was both more gradual and limited in depth. These thermal properties, and the timing and duration of frozen state, are expected to control the interaction of water and nutrients between surface water and groundwater, which will be affected by changes in air temperature associated with global climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环载荷下饱和岩石的摩擦阻力研究

在循环载荷下岩石发生应力-应变的非线性弹性行为是普遍的,孔隙流体、载荷频率、围压、层理方向是造成岩石应力应变滞后、能量衰减、刚性变化等特征的重要外部变量。基于来自大庆、南京、合肥等地的砂岩样品,利用电液闭环伺服控制压机系统,开展了不同饱和流体砂岩的应力-应变滞回曲线、不同载荷频率和饱和流体对岩石的衰减、不同层理方向加载和卸载对岩石杨氏模量影响的实验对比研究,阐明了饱和岩石的非线性响应特征,揭示了外界影响因素对岩石产生非线性形变的作用机制,探讨了岩石内部触面间摩擦阻力在岩石发生非线性形变过程中发挥的媒介作用,并推断接触面颗粒之间的摩擦阻力可能是导致岩石发生衰减、滞后等非线性行为的内在因素。本研究拟通过岩石内部小尺度的摩擦作用与构造尺度断层面上的摩擦滑移相似性,来揭示地震发生时岩体失稳的动力学过程。     

北天山东段石英滩地区早二叠世火山岩岩石组合与岩浆生成动力学机制

北天山东段早石炭世雅满苏岛弧带位于中天山北缘的阿其克库都克断裂和康古尔断裂之间。哈尔加乌组为二叠纪的火山岩地层。在区域上,哈尔加乌组火山岩与下伏地层上石炭统吐古吐布拉克组呈角度不整合接触。上覆地层为中-上二叠统阿其克布拉克组,二者呈微角度不整合接触。哈尔加乌组火山岩属于典型双峰式火山岩组合,流纹岩、英安岩占主体地位,而玄武安山岩、玄武岩较少。该组火山熔岩锆石U-Pb SHRIMP年龄为（280.6±1.8）Ma,鉴于区域内在该时段内属于后碰撞伸展环境。因此,认为该组火山岩形成于后碰撞伸展环境。岩石地球化学特征表明,该组玄武岩属碱性玄武岩系列,其他样品均属钙碱性火山岩系列。玄武安山岩具有轻稀土含量较高,重稀土含量较低、低Ti高Al的典型岛弧岩浆地化特征,这表明该组火山岩主体部分的形成是先期岛弧环境的物质在后碰撞伸展环境下再熔融所致。玄武安山岩及玄武岩的4个样品全部落在尖晶石稳定域,为软流圈物质上涌到达岩石圈的深度部分熔融的产物,玄武安山岩源自于被消减板片交代改造的岩石圈地幔;英安岩、流纹岩是不同深度的地壳物质重熔的产物。     

瞬变电磁场信号在地下的扩散及地面上的时域响应特性

瞬变电磁测深是近年来发展较快的电磁勘探方法,是实现精确勘探的一个突破点。本文应用时域有限差分算法分析了瞬变场在二维地电模型情况下低阻体对\