Analyzing Effects of Shrub Canopy on Throughfall and Phreatic Water Using Water Isotopes,Western China

Alpine shrub Quercus aquifolioides was selected to study the effects of shrub canopy on throughfall and phreatic water by analyzing the isotopic time series of precipitation, canopy throughfall and phreatic water and examining correlations among these series in Wolong Nature Reserve, Western China. Based on analysis of precipitation data in 2003, the local meteoric water line during the rainy season was δD = 8.28 × δ¹⁸O + 8.93, and the primary precipitation moisture in this region originated from the Pacific Ocean in the summer. Stable isotope analysis showed that the main supply of throughfall and phreatic water was from precipitation, and the shrub canopy has an important effect on the processes of rainwater transmuted into throughfall and phreatic water. Moreover, the differences of δD and δ¹⁸O values between rainwater and throughfall were relevant to rainfall. Due to interception of the shrub canopy, there had a response hysteresis of phreatic water to the various rainfall events, which was mostly 2 days, except that this hysteresis was ≤1 day when rainfall was >15 mm/day.     

Experimental validation of semi‐active resetable actuators in a ⅕th scale test structure

The seismic performance of a test structure fitted with semi‐active resetable devices is experimentally investigated. Shaking table tests are conducted on a ?th scale four‐storey building using 27 earthquake records at different intensity scalings. Different resetable device control laws result in unique hysteretic responses from the devices and thus the structure. This device adaptability enables manipulation or sculpting of the overall hysteresis response of the structure to address specific structural cases and types. The response metrics are presented as maximum 3rd floor acceleration and displacement, and the total base shear. The devices reduce all the response metrics compared with the uncontrolled case and a fail‐safe surrogate. Cumulative probability functions allow comparison between different control laws and additionally allow tradeoffs in design to be rapidly assessed. Ease of changing the control law in real‐time during an earthquake record further improves the adaptability of the system to obtain the optimum device response for the input motion and structural type. The findings are an important step to realizing full‐scale structural control with customized semi‐active hysteretic behaviour using these novel resetable device designs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于集对分析的滑坡变形动态建模研究

滑坡是一个确定-不确定的动态系统,其变形表现出复杂的非线性演化特征。为了克服传统分析方法在处理系统不确定性方面的不足,将集对分析法（SPA）引入岩土变形监测分析领域,并结合层次分析法（AHP）提出了滑坡变形动态预测模型,给出了基于概率论的最优预测算法,提出并证明了集对论中最大同一度在等势条件下存在极限解,据此提出位移势的概念。在位移势的基础上,进行SPA二次建模,提出了基于SPA的滑坡变形与水库蓄水过程相关性动态分析模型。运用上述预测模型对新近发生的刘家沱滑坡进行变形监测定量分析,实践证明：最优预测值具有良好的短期预报精度;位移势能够表征系统当前状态下位移所能达到的最大潜力,可作为短期预测的上限值,其变化能够反映系统宏观层面上的演化特征,对滑坡演变加速预警具有指导意义;运用集对分析方法进行滑坡变形响应滞后效应的定量研究是一条可行的新思路,反演结果与实际情况吻合;该方法在岩土监测分析领域有良好的应用前景。     

植物抗冻蛋白的研究进展及其应用

抗冻蛋白(antifreeze proteins,AFPs)是一类具有热滞效应和冰晶重结晶抑制效应的蛋白质,它们在受到低温环境胁迫时产生,能够使机体抵御冰冻环境.AFPs已经在多种冰冻耐受机体中发现,包括鱼类、昆虫、陆生节肢动物、细菌、真菌和植物,其中有关植物AFPs的研究起步较晚.综述了植物AFPs的发现,理化性质,组织及细胞定位,生理功能,作用机理,结构模型,及其在农业,医学,食品工业等方面的应用价值.     

Coercive force of single crystals of magnetite at low temperatures

The temperature dependence of coercive force H _c was studied on well-characterized and stoichiometric millimetre-sized single crystals of magnetite at a series of 16 temperatures from 300 to 10 K using a SQUID magnetometer. H _c decreases gradually with cooling to the isotropic temperature, T _i = 130 K, where the first magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K ₁ becomes zero. H _c exhibits a sharp increase at the Verwey transition, T _v = 120 K, where the structure changes from cubic to monoclinic. In crossing the Verwey transition, H _c increases by more than two orders of magnitude, from 20 μT to 2.4 mT, and the shape of the hysteresis loops becomes wasp-waisted.
Observed coercivity between 300 K and 170 K varies with temperature as λ _s / M _s , where λ _s is the magnetostriction constant and M _s is the saturation magnetization, indicating that the coercivity in MD magnetite is controlled mainly by internal stress associated with dislocations or other crystal defects. It seems likely that the stable single-domain-like magnetic memory observed in large MD magnetite crystals is due to magnetoelastically pinned domain walls. The discontinuous change in H _c at the Verwey transition is controlled by abrupt changes in magnetocrystalline and magnetostriction constants due to crystal deformation from cubic to monoclinic structure.     

负温条件下激光位移传感器的标定

在使用激光位移传感器测试冻土位移中,由于测试现场环境条件恶劣,厂家给出的传感器线性度会降低,因此,需要对所有传感器在使用前应模拟使用时的环境条件重新进行标定。为验证激光位移传感器在冻土测试中的适用性,依据德国森萨帕特FT-50RLA220型激光位移传感器的结构、使用特点、技术指标,设计了由控温箱、标定支架、激光位移传感器、量块及数据采集装置组成的标定的装置,进行了不同负温条件下对激光位移传感器标定,并依据标定试验结果进行拟合参数修正,得到不同环境温度下的试验结果的线性度和迟滞特性。试验结果表明：不同的环境温度下,两个激光位移传感器与标准厂家测试曲线存在差异,不同负温条件下标定的两个激光位移传感器的拟合优度R²分别为0.999和1;线性度最大值分别为0.88%FS和0.32%FS。     

不同轴压比RCS梁柱组合件恢复力模型研究

以6个1/2模型RCS梁柱节点拟静力试验为基础,研究不同轴压比下RCS组合件的滞回性能。试验结果表明:梁铰破坏时试件的滞回曲线饱满,耗能能力优于构造破坏;随着轴压比的增大,试件滞回环愈加丰满,初始刚度有所增加,承载力有所增大;随着加载位移的增加,刚度退化速率变慢,且梁铰破坏时随着轴压比增大,刚度退化速率变大。基于试验结果和现有恢复力模型理论,建立的三折线骨架曲线模型与实际试验骨架曲线具有较高的吻合度,能较好的反映轴压比对其滞回特性的影响,可为该RCS梁柱组合件的弹塑性分析及工程应用提供参考。     

紫色土水分特征曲线室内测定方法的对比

为探寻全吸力范围内土壤水分特征曲线的可靠测定方法,采用沙箱排水法、Hyprop仪蒸发法、压力膜仪排水法和露点水势仪蒸发法分吸力段测定盐亭紫色土耕地表层2~7 cm和亚表层7~12 cm土壤的水分特征曲线,对比测定结果的方法间差异,并分析其原因。结果表明:对于表层和亚表层土壤,低吸力段(h >-100 cm)水分特征曲线的沙箱法和Hyprop仪法的均方根误差E_RMS (θ)均较小,在0.026~0.082 cm3/cm3范围内,确定系数R2均大于0.962,说明这两种方法测定结果之间差异不大。高吸力段(h <-330 cm)的压力膜仪法与露点仪法测定结果之间的差异较大,E_RMS (θ)为0.062~0.097 cm3/cm3,R2较低,为0.775~0.952。因此,全吸力范围内水分特征曲线测定方法的选择与组合应考虑土壤孔径分布特征和研究目的。     

滞后补给权函数：降雨补给潜水滞后性处理方法

本文分析了当前数值模型中处理降雨入渗补给潜水方法中存在的问题,提出一种能刻画滞后补给且使用方便的方法－滞后补给权函数法。