Induced Magnetization of Magnetite-titanomagnetite in Alternating Fields Ranging from 400 A/m to 80,000 A/m; Low-field Susceptibility (100 – 400 A/m) and Beyond

For remanence-bearing minerals (RBM) such as magnetite-titanomagnetite, susceptibility to induced magnetism (M) measured in alternating fields (H _AC ) is field-dependent. However, for fields ≤ 400 A/m, measured in an AC induction coil instrument (at 19,100 Hz), susceptibility k ₀ = M/H _AC is sufficiently linear to provide a reproducible rock (or mineral) magnetic characteristic and its anisotropy may be related to arrangements of minerals in rock, or for single mineral grains to their crystalline or shape anisotropy. For any remanence-bearing mineral at higher fields k _HF (= M/H _AC ) is not constant and the term susceptibility is not normally used. This study bridges the responses between traditional low-field susceptibility measurements and those due to high applied fields, for example when studying hysteresis or saturation magnetization of RBM. Where |k _HF | is measured in alternating fields that peak significantly above 400 A/m the M(H _AC ) relation is forced to follow a hysteresis loop in which |k _HF | > k ₀ for small |H _AC | and where |k _HF | decreases to zero for very large fields that achieve saturation magnetization. Hysteresis nonlinearity is due to remanence acquired with one field direction requiring a reverse field for its cancellation. We investigate the transition from initial, traditional “low-field” susceptibility (k ₀ ) measurements at 60 A/m, through 24 different fields from 400 A/m to 40,000 A/m (for very high k ₀ to 80,000 A/m). This reveals M(H _AC ) dependence beyond from conventional k ₀ through the range of hysteresis behavior in fields equal to and exceeding that required to achieve saturation magnetization (M _S ). We show k _HF increases with peak H _AC until the peak field is slightly less than saturation magnetization in natural rock samples rich in magnetite (TM₀ = Fe₃O₄) and TM₆₀ (Fe_2.4Ti_0.6O₄). All sample suites predominantly contain multidomain grains with subordinate pseudo-single domain and single-domain grains. k/k ₀ increases by ≤ 5% for fields up to 2 kA/m. Above 4 kA/m k/ k ₀ increases steeply and peaks, usually between 24 kA/m and 30 kA/m where all grains magnetic moments are activated by H _AC since this exceeds the coercive force of most grains. For higher peak H _AC , k/k ₀ declines sharply as increased H _AC values more effectively flip M with each field-direction switch, leading to the low gradient at distal portions of the hysteresis loop. For M₀-TM₆₀ bearing rocks, susceptibility peaks for fields ~12 kA/m and for magnetite rich rocks up to 24 kA/m. These values are approximately 10% of saturation magnetizations (M _S ) reported for the pure minerals from hysteresis DC field measurements. Both the field at peak k/k ₀ and the peak k/k ₀ value appear to be controlled by the dominant domain structure; multidomain behavior has larger k/k ₀ peaks at lower H _AC . Stacked k/k ₀ versus H _AC curves for each sample suite (n = 12 to n = 39) were successfully characterized at the 95% level by a polynomial fit that requires the cubic form k/k ₀ = a + bH + cH ² + dH ³. Thus, for most M-TM bearing rocks, susceptibility and anisotropy of susceptibility (AMS) measurements made on different instruments would be sufficiently precise for most geological applications, if peak alternating fields are ≤700 A/m.     

三峡水库水面蒸发年内滞后效应分析

水面蒸发在季节变化上相比净辐射等气象要素的相位延迟反映了水体储热对水面蒸发的影响,量化这一对气象要素波动的滞后响应对理解和估算深水水库(湖泊)蒸发非常重要。三峡水库等河道型深水水库的水位和面积具有显著周期性变动,使得其水面蒸发的响应模式更为复杂,而目前对其认识非常薄弱。本文利用2013年8月—2020年7月三峡水库巴东站水面蒸发场和陆面蒸发场的蒸发和气象观测数据,分析了水面蒸发的季节变化及其年内滞后效应。结果表明:水面蒸发场蒸发量在年内的8和12月呈现双峰变化,与只有8月单峰值的陆面蒸发场蒸发量显著不同。水面蒸发场蒸发量相对净辐射、平均气温和水面温度分别存在4、3和2个月的滞后,而陆面蒸发场蒸发量相对滞后时间均在1个月以内;水面与陆面蒸发场相比,水温、蒸发量和水面与大气饱和差之间的滞后时间分别为1、3和4个月,而平均气温和净辐射之间不存在滞后。本文揭示出三峡水库巴东段水面蒸发年内滞后效应主要受到水库水温引起的水面与大气饱和差在季节上滞后的影响,需通过深入分析水温的时空变化来明确整个三峡水库的水面蒸发特征。     

饱水和天然状态下页岩滞后效应及阻尼特性研究

运用RLW-2000型微机伺服岩石三轴试验机,对饱水状态和天然状态页岩在不同围压下进行三轴循环加卸载试验,分析了两种含水状态页岩的力学特性和滞后效应,并基于能量原理讨论了阻尼比演化规律。试验结果表明：随循环次数增加,累积残余应变逐渐增加,相对残余应变先降低,后趋于稳定区域,直至破坏前急剧增加;饱水页岩的加卸载变形模量均比天然页岩小,加载变形模量整体比卸载变形模量小;在加载和卸载阶段,均出现应变始终滞后于应力的现象;饱水页岩的滞后效应比天然页岩更明显。提出了考虑滞后效应的能量计算方法,较以往能量计算的误差更小。最后基于能量原理对阻尼比的计算公式进行修正,发现饱水页岩的阻尼比比天然页岩大。阻尼比的变化较好地反映了页岩损伤机制,可作为预判页岩失稳破坏的重要指标。     

新型带缝钢板剪力墙的试验研究及其数值模拟

对4个足尺钢板剪力墙模型在水平低周反复荷载作用下的力学性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明稳定是控制未采取构造措施带缝钢板剪力墙承载力的主要因素;模拟试验过程的计算结果表明,改进的带缝钢板剪力墙可以增加延性,耗散较大的地震能量。     

Welded end‐slot connection and debonding layers for buckling‐restrained braces

The debonding mechanism has a significant effect on the performance of a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB). In this paper, a method for estimating the compression strength adjustment factor for any given BRB core strain is presented. Experimental investigations were conducted on four BRBs to examine the efficiency of four different debonding materials in reducing the difference between the cyclic peak compression and tension. Test results indicate that chloroprene rubber is very easy to install and very effective in minimizing the difference between the compressive and tensile capacities. The excellent performance of 13 full‐scale welded end‐slot BRBs (WES‐BRBs) is illustrated through experiments. Cyclic loading test results of a 12.5‐m long jumbo WES‐BRB reveal that its peak compressive strength exceeds 16,800 kN and its maximum core strain reaches 0.035. All WES‐BRBs show satisfactory performance with a very stable hysteresis response, modest peak compressive to tensile strength ratio, and very predictable axial stiffness. These specimens sustain a cumulative plastic deformation of greater than 400 times the yield deformation. The hysteresis responses can be satisfactorily predicted by using a two‐surface plasticity analytical model. Advantages of the welded end‐slot connections are also presented through a discussion on the effects of the BRB yield region length ratio on the effective stiffness, the yield story drift, and the core strain level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂水力路径下非饱和流动的数值分析

多孔介质中的流动问题,与孔隙介质的特性,含水量状态以及含水量的变化历史密切相关。基于毛细循环滞回理论模型,考虑含水量变化历史对土水特征关系的影响,在开发的U-DYSAC2有限元程序中进行了相应的数值实施。在试验给定的初边值条件下进行了非饱和渗流模拟分析,并将模拟结果与实测数据比较,表明在压力边界条件反复变化下,考虑滞回效应能获得更接近实测的结果,证实该模型在模拟各种循环变化条件下非饱和土渗流初边值问题的适用性与必要性。对入渗重分布反复变化条件下非饱和土柱流动的数值模拟表明,考虑滞回与不考虑滞回条件下,含水量、孔隙水压力和湿峰的迁移的预测在入渗后的重分布过程差异较大。考虑滞回效应时,土柱上部的脱湿速率、下部的吸湿速率比不考虑滞回时要低。从而证实了非饱和多孔介质中的土水状态依赖于含水量变化,而且强烈依赖于土体的水力路径变化。因此,循环边界条件变化下,毛细滞回效应在非饱和渗流模拟中的影响显著,必须加以考虑。     

考虑毛细滞回效应的非饱和多孔介质渗流与变形耦合本构模型

在Wheeler本构模型框架的基础上,提出了一个水力与力学耦合的本构模型。该模型中的土-水特征曲线采用毛细滞回内变量模型,能够更好地描述水力历史变化下毛细滞回现象对非饱和多孔介质变形的影响,同时也可描述非饱和多孔介质变形对渗流的影响。非饱和土的强度不仅与吸力有关,而且受到饱和度的影响。相同的吸力下,土样经过吸湿和脱湿路径的饱和度不同,因此,非饱和土的强度也不同。此模型以体积含水率的塑性变化和体变的塑性变化为硬化参数,不仅能描述基质吸力对非饱和土的强化作用,而且考虑了饱和度对强度及变形的影响。试验结果与模型预测基本吻合,证明该模型能够模拟非饱和土的主要特性。为了简化,此模型是在各向同性荷载下推得的,有待于推广到一般的应力状态     

由滞回曲线的形态特征分析冻结黏土的动力特性

利用滞回曲线研究冻结黏土的动力学特性。结果表明,当土体温度为-0.5 ℃～-4 ℃、荷载频率为1～10 Hz时,随温度的降低和动荷载振动频率的增加,冻结黏土的刚度逐渐增大,黏滞性、细观损伤程度、塑性变形和能量耗散能力逐渐减小,当土中温度低于-4 ℃或荷载频率高于10 Hz时,土的动力特性变化不明显;随动应力幅值的增大,刚度逐渐减小,黏滞性、细观损伤程度、塑性变形和能量耗散能力逐渐增大;相同动应力幅值下,刚度、黏滞性、细观损伤程度、塑性变形和能量耗散能力受温度影响最大,围压影响最小,频率影响居中;试验温度、频率和围压三因素对冻结黏土的细观损伤程度和塑性变形能力影响程度最大,对黏滞性和耗能能力的影响程度基本相同,位于第二,对刚度的影响程度最小。     

冻土未冻水含量的低场核磁共振试验研究

采用低场核磁共振技术测试了冻融循环过程中不同土质、不同NaCl离子浓度饱和试样的未冻水含量,结合T2分布曲线从微细观角度分析了冻融过程中未冻水在孔隙赋存分布情况。试验结果表明：冻结过程可分为过冷度段、快速下降段、稳定段3个阶段,而融化过程仅存在稳定段、快速融化段,并不存在与过冷现象对应的过热现象。冻结时大孔隙的水首先冻结,而融化时孔隙水的增加却是从小孔隙开始的,这是由水分热动力学势能的差异导致孔隙水冻结和融化在时间上的有序性。并且分析了冻融循环中土质类型、离子浓度对未冻水含量的影响,以及探讨了冻融过程出现的滞后现象的原因。     

黄土区坡地降雨入渗产流过程中的滞后效应

利用黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域坡地天然降雨入渗-产流的实测资料分别对考虑滞后效应与不考虑滞后效应的情况进行了模拟研究,结果表明:在降雨入渗-产流过程中,滞后效应加快入渗速率,减少径流量;滞后模型使土壤含水量、产流过程更加接近实测值.由此可见,土壤水滞后效应对土壤含水量、入渗速率、产流过程及产流量都有相当大的影响,因此在水量转化研究工作中考虑滞后效应的影响是必要的.