Welded end‐slot connection and debonding layers for buckling‐restrained braces

The debonding mechanism has a significant effect on the performance of a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB). In this paper, a method for estimating the compression strength adjustment factor for any given BRB core strain is presented. Experimental investigations were conducted on four BRBs to examine the efficiency of four different debonding materials in reducing the difference between the cyclic peak compression and tension. Test results indicate that chloroprene rubber is very easy to install and very effective in minimizing the difference between the compressive and tensile capacities. The excellent performance of 13 full‐scale welded end‐slot BRBs (WES‐BRBs) is illustrated through experiments. Cyclic loading test results of a 12.5‐m long jumbo WES‐BRB reveal that its peak compressive strength exceeds 16,800 kN and its maximum core strain reaches 0.035. All WES‐BRBs show satisfactory performance with a very stable hysteresis response, modest peak compressive to tensile strength ratio, and very predictable axial stiffness. These specimens sustain a cumulative plastic deformation of greater than 400 times the yield deformation. The hysteresis responses can be satisfactorily predicted by using a two‐surface plasticity analytical model. Advantages of the welded end‐slot connections are also presented through a discussion on the effects of the BRB yield region length ratio on the effective stiffness, the yield story drift, and the core strain level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于非协调参数Drucker-Prager模型的预应力节段拼装混凝土桥墩滞回性能研究

混凝土的数值计算模型在滞回性能分析中往往比较难收敛,利用有限元软件ADINA提供Drucker-Prager模型的Cap修正屈服准则确立的非协调参数Drucker-Prager模型对预应力节段拼装混凝土桥墩进行数值分析,对预应力节段拼装桥墩在低周往复荷载作用下的滞回性能进行分析。通过比较采用非协调参数Drucker-Prager模型建立的数值模型计算得到的滞回曲线与试验得到的结果,两者吻合程度较高。基于这一成果可以通过数值模拟的方式获得预应力节段拼装桥墩的滞回曲线与相关数据,可应用于预应力节段拼装桥墩抗震计算和设计。     

Concentration–discharge relationships describe solute and sediment mobilization,reaction, and transport at event and longer timescales

Concentration–discharge (C‐Q) relationships reflect material sources, storage, reaction, proximity, and transport in catchments. Differences in hydrologic pathways and connectivity influence observed C‐Q patterns at the catchment outlet. We examined solute and sediment C‐Q relationships at event and interannual timescales in a small mid‐Atlantic (USA) catchment. We found systematic differences in the C‐Q behaviour of geogenic/exogenous solutes (e.g., calcium and nitrate), biologically associated solutes (e.g., dissolved organic carbon), and particulate materials (e.g., total suspended solids). Negative log(C)–log(Q) regression slopes, indicating dilution, were common for geogenic solutes whereas positive slopes, indicating concentration increase, were common for biologically associated solutes. Biologically associated solutes often exhibited counterclockwise hysteresis during events whereas geogenic solutes exhibited clockwise hysteresis. Across event and interannual timescales, solute C‐Q patterns are linked to the spatial distribution of hydrologic sources and the timing and sequence of hydro‐biogeochemical source contributions to the stream. Groundwater is the primary source of stormflow during the earliest and latest stages of events, whereas precipitation and soil water become increasingly connected to the stream near peakflow. This sequence and timing of flowpath connectivity results in dilution and clockwise hysteresis for geogenic/exogenous solutes and concentration increase and counterclockwise hysteresis for biologically associated solutes. Particulate materials demonstrated positive C‐Q slopes over the long‐term and clockwise hysteresis during individual events. Drivers of particulate and solute C‐Q relationships differ, based on longitudinal and lateral expansion of active channels and changing shear stresses with increasing flows. Although important distinctions exist between the drivers of solute and sediment C‐Q relationships, overall solute and sediment C‐Q patterns at event and interannual timescales reflect consistent catchment hydro‐biogeochemical processes.     

Induced Magnetization of Magnetite-titanomagnetite in Alternating Fields Ranging from 400 A/m to 80,000 A/m; Low-field Susceptibility (100 – 400 A/m) and Beyond

For remanence-bearing minerals (RBM) such as magnetite-titanomagnetite, susceptibility to induced magnetism (M) measured in alternating fields (H _AC ) is field-dependent. However, for fields ≤ 400 A/m, measured in an AC induction coil instrument (at 19,100 Hz), susceptibility k ₀ = M/H _AC is sufficiently linear to provide a reproducible rock (or mineral) magnetic characteristic and its anisotropy may be related to arrangements of minerals in rock, or for single mineral grains to their crystalline or shape anisotropy. For any remanence-bearing mineral at higher fields k _HF (= M/H _AC ) is not constant and the term susceptibility is not normally used. This study bridges the responses between traditional low-field susceptibility measurements and those due to high applied fields, for example when studying hysteresis or saturation magnetization of RBM. Where |k _HF | is measured in alternating fields that peak significantly above 400 A/m the M(H _AC ) relation is forced to follow a hysteresis loop in which |k _HF | > k ₀ for small |H _AC | and where |k _HF | decreases to zero for very large fields that achieve saturation magnetization. Hysteresis nonlinearity is due to remanence acquired with one field direction requiring a reverse field for its cancellation. We investigate the transition from initial, traditional “low-field” susceptibility (k ₀ ) measurements at 60 A/m, through 24 different fields from 400 A/m to 40,000 A/m (for very high k ₀ to 80,000 A/m). This reveals M(H _AC ) dependence beyond from conventional k ₀ through the range of hysteresis behavior in fields equal to and exceeding that required to achieve saturation magnetization (M _S ). We show k _HF increases with peak H _AC until the peak field is slightly less than saturation magnetization in natural rock samples rich in magnetite (TM₀ = Fe₃O₄) and TM₆₀ (Fe_2.4Ti_0.6O₄). All sample suites predominantly contain multidomain grains with subordinate pseudo-single domain and single-domain grains. k/k ₀ increases by ≤ 5% for fields up to 2 kA/m. Above 4 kA/m k/ k ₀ increases steeply and peaks, usually between 24 kA/m and 30 kA/m where all grains magnetic moments are activated by H _AC since this exceeds the coercive force of most grains. For higher peak H _AC , k/k ₀ declines sharply as increased H _AC values more effectively flip M with each field-direction switch, leading to the low gradient at distal portions of the hysteresis loop. For M₀-TM₆₀ bearing rocks, susceptibility peaks for fields ~12 kA/m and for magnetite rich rocks up to 24 kA/m. These values are approximately 10% of saturation magnetizations (M _S ) reported for the pure minerals from hysteresis DC field measurements. Both the field at peak k/k ₀ and the peak k/k ₀ value appear to be controlled by the dominant domain structure; multidomain behavior has larger k/k ₀ peaks at lower H _AC . Stacked k/k ₀ versus H _AC curves for each sample suite (n = 12 to n = 39) were successfully characterized at the 95% level by a polynomial fit that requires the cubic form k/k ₀ = a + bH + cH ² + dH ³. Thus, for most M-TM bearing rocks, susceptibility and anisotropy of susceptibility (AMS) measurements made on different instruments would be sufficiently precise for most geological applications, if peak alternating fields are ≤700 A/m.     

进气值对毛细滞回内变量模型的影响

土-水特征关系是基质吸力和含水率之间的关系。进气值对起点在高饱和度区的脱湿扫描线有较大的影响。Wei等[1]提出了毛细滞回内变量模型,可以对扫描线任意滞回情况进行模拟,但该模型没有考虑进气值的影响,对起点在高饱和度区的脱湿扫描线的模拟与实际情况有一定偏差。基于毛细滞回内变量理论和传统的土-水特征关系经验模型,提出了考虑进气值影响的修正毛细滞回内变量模型。该模型可以考虑进气值对起点在高饱和度区的脱湿扫描线的影响。通过对多种土样的数值模拟计算显示,修正模型较好地解决了原模型对起点在高饱和度区的脱湿扫描线的模拟不能考虑进气值影响的缺点。     

反复荷载作用下矩形钢管混凝土树状节点的非线性分析

本文在确定了往复应力作用下钢管混凝土的钢材和核心混凝土的应力-应变关系的基础上,利用纤维杆元模型,有限元模型对钢管混凝土Y形柱和十字形钢梁连接的节点的荷载-位移滞回关系曲线及其骨架曲线进行了计算,并与试验结果进行了比较。结果表明：由纤维杆元模型与试验所得的低周反复荷载作用下的骨架曲线极为相似,但在峰值荷载后差异较大;由纤维杆元模型和有限元所得的在低周反复荷载作用下滞回曲线也与在反复荷载作用下试验所得的结果相一致。纤维杆元模型能准确地预测节点的弹塑性行为和整体抗震性能,可用于节点滞回性能的非线性参数分析研究。在此基础上研究了方钢管混凝土柱的轴压比,宽厚比及核心混凝土强度对节点受力性能的影响。     

Exploring suspended sediment delivery dynamics of two Mediterranean nested catchments

This paper investigates suspended sediment transport and dynamics of two nested agricultural lowland Mediterranean catchments with a difference of two orders of magnitude in the surface area (i.e., 1 and 264 km²). The effects of the drainage catchment area over the specific suspended sediment yield are assessed by using the nested approach over various timeframes. A detailed analysis of the rainfall–runoff–sediment transport relationships during the 2‐year study period shows that the hydrological and sedimentological responses were extremely variable for both catchments. Very low or no correlations were observed between the rainfall intensity and the selected hydrological variables and sediment loads. However, remarkable or high correlations were obtained between the rainfall intensity and the maximum and average suspended sediment concentrations, indicating that rainfall per unit time has little control on the hydrological response, but that, simultaneously, its high‐erosive power triggers sediment production, increasing the sedimentary response of the catchments. This study also illustrates how sediment is mainly transported during floods, producing predominantly clockwise hysteretic loops. Moreover, the small headwater catchment exerts a reduced (or even negligible) effect over the hydro‐sedimentary response of the larger downstream catchment, caused by the reduced sediment availability in a landscape with an inherent disconnection of the sediment pathways.     

Width control on event-scale deposition and evacuation of sediment in bedrock-confined channels

In mixed bedrock–alluvial rivers, the response of the system to a flood event can be affected by a number of factors, including coarse sediment availability in the channel, sediment supply from the hillslopes and upstream, flood sequencing and coarse sediment grain size distribution. However, the impact of along-stream changes in channel width on bedload transport dynamics remains largely unexplored. We combine field data, theory and numerical modelling to address this gap. First, we present observations from the Daan River gorge in western Taiwan, where the river flows through a 1 km long 20–50 m wide bedrock gorge bounded upstream and downstream by wide braidplains. We documented two flood events during which coarse sediment evacuation and redeposition appear to cause changes of up to several metres in channel bed elevation. Motivated by this case study, we examined the relationships between discharge, channel width and bedload transport capacity, and show that for a given slope narrow channels transport bedload more efficiently than wide ones at low discharges, whereas wider channels are more efficient at high discharges. We used the model sedFlow to explore this effect, running a random sequence of floods through a channel with a narrow gorge section bounded upstream and downstream by wider reaches. Channel response to imposed floods is complex, as high and low discharges drive different spatial patterns of erosion and deposition, and the channel may experience both of these regimes during the peak and recession periods of each flood. Our modelling suggests that width differences alone can drive substantial variations in sediment flux and bed response, without the need for variations in sediment supply or mobility. The fluctuations in sediment transport rates that result from width variations can lead to intermittent bed exposure, driving incision in different segments of the channel during different portions of the hydrograph. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Maximum seismic displacement of inelastic systems based on energy concept

The energy balance and energy input of Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDF) systems under earthquake motion is studied for elastic and inelastic systems. The maximum displacement of an inelastic system is related to that of an elastic system having the same initial stiffness and mass by considering the earthquake energy input per cycle of oscillation. With an assumption that the cyclic energy input is equal for both elastic and inelastic system for intermediate- and long-period systems, a simplified relation is suggested. Newmark's equal energy rule is shown to be the upper bound of the simplified relation; the lower bound of maximum response displacement is also derived in this paper. The numerical analysis results were mostly shown to fall between the proposed upper and lower bounds. A separate approximate relation is proposed for short-period systems. The reason for divergence from the suggested relations is discussed for short-period systems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.