基于线模型的数字高程模型表达方法研究

数字高程模型的地表构建模型都是基于局部区域的,表现为用某个多项式来表达局部区域的地表面。本文指出了这种基于面的插值模型的缺点,提出了基于线模型的数字高程模型地面表达方式,并针对规则格网和不规则三角网提出了不同的线模型参数表达方法,最后提出了线模型的数据存储方式以及其在地形分析中的应用前景。     

An adaptive surface filter for airborne laser scanning point clouds by means of regularization and bending energy

The filtering of point clouds is a ubiquitous task in the processing of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data; however, such filtering processes are difficult because of the complex configuration of the terrain features. The classical filtering algorithms rely on the cautious tuning of parameters to handle various landforms. To address the challenge posed by the bundling of different terrain features into a single dataset and to surmount the sensitivity of the parameters, in this study, we propose an adaptive surface filter (ASF) for the classification of ALS point clouds. Based on the principle that the threshold should vary in accordance to the terrain smoothness, the ASF embeds bending energy, which quantitatively depicts the local terrain structure to self-adapt the filter threshold automatically. The ASF employs a step factor to control the data pyramid scheme in which the processing window sizes are reduced progressively, and the ASF gradually interpolates thin plate spline surfaces toward the ground with regularization to handle noise. Using the progressive densification strategy, regularization and self-adaption, both performance improvement and resilience to parameter tuning are achieved. When tested against the benchmark datasets provided by ISPRS, the ASF performs the best in comparison with all other filtering methods, yielding an average total error of 2.85% when optimized and 3.67% when using the same parameter set.     

AN INTEGRATION METHOD WITH FITTING CUBIC SPLINE FUNCTIONS TO A NUMERICAL MODEL OF 2ND-ORDER SPACE-TIME DIFFERENTIAL REMAINDER——FOR AN IDEAL GLOBAL SIMULATION CASE WITH PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERIC EQUATIONS

In this paper,the forecasting equations of a 2nd-order space-time differential remainder are deduced from the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and Eulerian operator by Taylor-series expansion.Here we introduce a cubic spline numerical model(Spline Model for short),which is with a quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme of fitting cubic spline/bicubic surface to all physical variable fields in the atmospheric equations on spherical discrete latitude-longitude mesh.A new algorithm of"fitting cubic spline—time step integration—fitting cubic spline—……"is developed to determine their first-and2nd-order derivatives and their upstream points for time discrete integral to the governing equations in Spline Model.And the cubic spline function and its mathematical polarities are also discussed to understand the Spline Model’s mathematical foundation of numerical analysis.It is pointed out that the Spline Model has mathematical laws of"convergence"of the cubic spline functions contracting to the original functions as well as its 1st-order and 2nd-order derivatives.The"optimality"of the 2nd-order derivative of the cubic spline functions is optimal approximation to that of the original functions.In addition,a Hermite bicubic patch is equivalent to operate on a grid for a 2nd-order derivative variable field.Besides,the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are identified respectively,with a smoothing coefficient of 1/3,three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline.Then the slopes and curvatures of a central difference are calculated from the smoothing coefficient 1/3 and three-point smoothing of that of a cubic spline,respectively.Furthermore,a global simulation case of adiabatic,non-frictional and"incompressible"model atmosphere is shown with the quasi-Lagrangian time integration by using a global Spline Model,whose initial condition comes from the NCEP reanalysis data,along with quasi-uniform latitude-longitude grids and the so-called"shallow atmosphere"Navier-Stokes primitive equations in the spherical coordinates.The Spline Model,which adopted the Navier-Stokes primitive equations and quasi-Lagrangian time-split integration scheme,provides an initial ideal case of global atmospheric circulation.In addition,considering the essentially non-linear atmospheric motions,the Spline Model could judge reasonably well simple points of any smoothed variable field according to its fitting spline curvatures that must conform to its physical interpretation.     

2010.0年代蒙古地区地磁场曲面样条

蒙古为我国的北方重要邻国, 其境内的西蒙古构造块体为我国主要地震带——南北地震带的主要北端构造.应用曲面样条(SP)方法, 对蒙古地区119个野外地磁测点的观测数据进行了计算, 获得2010.0年代蒙古地区地磁场空间分布, 并与EMM2010.0模型给出蒙古地区地磁场空间分布进行比较.结果表明: 曲面样条方法建立的蒙古地区地磁场模型与EMM给出的地磁场描述的蒙古地区各地磁要素的空间分布基本类似, 但在局部地区存在一定差异, 该差异在局部地区能达到±30'(I), ±60'(D), ±500 nT(H、F、X、Y、Z).      

九江-瑞昌MemＳsub5.7地震地磁异常的观测与分析y

2005年11月26日九江——瑞昌MＳ5.7地震发生前,震中及其周围地区的地磁基本场测量和相应的ldquo;2005.0中国地磁基本场曲面样条模型rdquo;显示,震中周围100 km范围内存在显著的ldquo;2005.0九江——瑞昌地磁基本场水平分量异常rdquo;. 而该异常在ldquo;1970.0中国地磁基本场曲面样条模型rdquo;中并不存在. 2005年12月在震中及其周围地区的21个测点上进行了地磁重复测量, 并建立了ldquo;局部修订2005.0中国地磁基本场曲面样条模型rdquo;. 该模型显示,震后ldquo;2005.0九江——瑞昌地磁基本场水平分量异常rdquo;明显减弱. 因此认为,ldquo;2005.0九江——瑞昌地磁基本场水平分量异常rdquo;是地震地磁前兆异常现象.      

基于等效塑性应变的三维边坡滑面搜索

边坡三维临界滑面的定位问题是边坡稳定性分析中尚未得以很好解决的一个重要问题。注意到临界滑面是由沿深部方向上的等效塑性应变的极大点所组成这一现象,在利用强度折减法将边坡带入临界平衡状态后,通过在水平面上设置一系列的垂直直线,并找出每条直线上的等效塑性应变最大值的位置,就得到了三维边坡滑面上离散点的分布。最后,采用被称为薄板光顺样条（thin-plate smoothing spline）函数的插值方法对滑面上的离散点进行了插值光顺处理,在不指定边坡滑动模式和滑面形状的前提下就可以得到三维边坡的临界滑面。通过在三维凸型边坡中的应用,体现了该方法在确定三维边坡临界滑面上的优越性。     

简单地形特征建立DEM的HASM方法

研究了曲面建模方法(HASM)用于处理河流线和离散点的情形,给出了甘肃省庆阳市董志塬崆峒沟的扫描地形图案例。为简单起见,本文只研究其中的河流线和离散点等两种数据的情形,并通过可视化的手段比较了HASM的结果与河流线约束TIN及薄板样条方法的结果,发现HASM的结果更合理。     

自然样条半参数模型与系统误差估计

采用自然样条逼近的数据处理方法,探讨了自然样条半参数回归分析方法。在补偿最小二乘的原则下,利用三次样条函数构造补偿项,通过广义交叉核实函数自动选取光滑参数。自编程序进行计算,得到了回归参数向量和样条函数的补偿最小二乘估计。模拟计算表明,该方法适合于回归函数模型误差与测量系统误差的估计。     

GRAPES模式标准初始化方案设计与实现

文章介绍了GRAPES模式标准初始化系统的方案设计及程序结构,对3种不同方案产生的初始场进行了分析。结果表明：水平风场、温度场、位温场对插值方法的精度并不是很敏感,而高度场以及气压Exner函数则对垂直插值方法的精度要求很高;在3种模式变量产生方案中,方案一的效果较差,但它计算速度快,在地形梯度不大的地方可以选择使用;方案二与方案三的效果则比较好,用户可根据自己的需求任意选择。GRAPES模式标准初始化系统在完成其主要功能的同时,通过灵活的程序设计,对标准初始化系统的区域、分辨率、垂直层次、水平插值方法、垂直插值方法等的任意选取,使得标准初始化系统可以很容易满足模式初值的各种需求,为模式开发研究实验提供了各种便利。     

斜支撑支护基坑与相邻地下室有限土体土压力反演分析

为探讨斜支撑支护基坑与相邻地下空间有限土体土压力分布规律,对某基坑现场监测数据进行反演分析。研究基于试算法改进后的三次样条法,运用Matlab软件进行反演计算得到支护结构弯矩值和桩后土压力值,结果表明：受有限土体位移模式、非极限状态、边界条件的影响,有限土体主动土压力在开挖面以上,呈现明显的\