Simulation of the direct runoff hydrograph at basin outlet

A simple model describing the transformation of effective rainfall to direct runoff through the overland flow mechanism is presented. The model is based on the classical representation of a watershed by a combination of planes and channels. The dynamics of overland flow in each plane is simulated by the non-linear kinematic wave, but the outflow from a given plane is concentrated in the middle of the corresponding drainage channel. The water routing in the channels is carried out by a piece-wise linearized formulation in space of the kinematic wave approximation. Using synthetic events on 10 watersheds, the model was tested by comparing it with results obtained by applying the non-linear kinematic wave to all the elements of the watershed. The model was found to be adequate, even in a form that simplifies the geometric features of the planes through an averaging procedure based on the Horton–Strahler ordering scheme of the watershed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国大陆地壳密度差异多尺度反演

利用小波分析方法原理,在对中国布格重力异常多尺度分解的基础上,反演了各种尺度意义下中国大陆地壳的密度差异,给出了中国大陆地壳中相对密度差异的空间分布,为研究中国大陆地壳构造、进行深部地质研究提供了新结果．     

Analysis of a large extent aeromagnetic survey near the geomagnetic equator (Minas Gerais,Brazil)

A large extent aeromagnetic survey, covering a 9°×9° degree of a Precambrian shield area in SE Brazil, was used to analyse long wavelength magnetic anomalies with the purpose of determining the magnetic structure of the lithosphere.Data analysis based on a novel approach to the estimation of the parameters in the statistical model ofSpector andGrant (1970), reveals a highly magnetized lower crust, bounded by an essentially non-magnetic upper mantle. The highly magnetized layer can be associated with a higher density lower crust model, derived from gravity and seismic data available in the area, suggesting a compositional transition from upper to lower crust.It was also verified that the operation of reduction to the pole, which is singular at the geomagnetic equator, performs quite satisfactorily at the low geomagnetic inclination of the area, bringing into accordance the long wavelength anomalies with the structural trends.     

A Fourier transform method for the interpretation of self-potential anomalies due to two-dimensional inclined sheets of finite depth extent

The self-potential anomaly due to a two-dimensional inclined sheets of finite depth extent has been analysed in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. Expression for the Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are derived. The Fourier amplitude and phase spectra are analysed so as to evaluate the parameters of the sheet. Application of this method on two anomalies (synthetic and field data) has given good results.     

低纬度磁异常的转换与处理

我国的南海大部分海域位于磁赤道带附近,属于低磁纬度区域,以水平磁化为主,磁性体产生的△T异常特征与中国大陆广大地区的△T异常特征差别较大,且南北跨度大,达两千余公里,通常的化极技术在该区域很难取得良好的效果,虽然化赤方法在低纬度地区算法稳定,并通常能取得较好的结果,但是目前针对化赤异常的解释技术却相对较少;本文结合南海地区的航磁数据,对几种常用的化极技术进行了对比与分析,并对化赤技术进行了简要的介绍.     

水文模型与陆面模式耦合研究进展

水文模型与陆面模式耦合是目前全球变化研究中的热点问题,如何实现分布式水文模型与陆面过程模式的双向耦合,并将其有机嵌入大气模式中,是未来大气环流模式(GCM)和区域气候模式(RCM)发展和完善的重要目标之一.在简单介绍陆面过程模式和水文模型发展历程的基础上,对水文模型和陆面过程耦合研究的国内外进展进行了综述,指出了模式耦合中存在的共同问题和未来工作的研究要点.最后,探讨了分布式水文模型与陆面模式耦合在全球变化研究框架中的地位与意义,并展望了陆面水文过程发展的主流趋势和研究方向.     

河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型

在完善与整合现有河流生态系统结构功能概念及模型的基础上,提出河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型。水文情势、水力条件和地貌景观格局是对河流生态系统结构与功能具有关键影响的3大生境要素,结构功能模型的核心是建立以3大生境要素为构架的生命支持系统与河流生命系统之间的相互作用和相互制约关系,同时考虑由于人类活动引起生境要素变化对于河流生态系统的影响。河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型由以下4种模型组成:河流四维连续体模型、水文情势-河流生态过程耦合模型、水力条件-生物生活史特征适宜模型以及地貌景观空间异质性-生物群落多样性关联模型,这4种模型的一体化整合,基本概括了河流生态系统结构功能的整体特征。     

折线逼近法在水文遥测数据处理中的应用

水文资料整编是形成水文监测成果的重要环节,随着水文监测的自动化程度越来越高,数据采集量大幅度增长,大量的数据处理成为水文资料整编的一大难题.本文尝试采用"折线逼近法",对水文遥测数据进行精简处理,尽可能地减少摘录数据量,用最少的摘录数据构成的折线来模拟实际水文要素的变化过程,并使其过程不失真,满足规范要求,便于水文年鉴刊印.该方法在江苏省水文遥测数据直接整编程序软件编制过程中得到应用,获得了较好的效果.     

Magma traps: Part II,application

A model of the lithostatic control of the ascent of magma, described in Part I (this volume), is tested against data from the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic region of central West Greeland: the thickness of sedimentary rock; the thickness of the pillow breccias; the total thickness of the lava pile; the depth of the post volcanic paleosurface. The local development is largely determined by a single parameter, the proportion of crustal thinning, and requires a magma source at 75 km depth with differentiation at 11 km depth. The model is applied in outline to the development of continental and orogenic volcanism in New Zealand.     

Hydrological modelling for assessing spatio-temporal groundwater recharge variations in the water-stressed Amathole Water Supply System,Eastern Cape,South Africa

To increase the resilience of regional water supply systems in South Africa in the face of anticipated climatic changes and a constant increase in water demand, water supply sources require diversification. Many water-stressed metropolitan regions in South Africa depend largely on surface water to cover their water demand. While climatic and river discharge data is widely available in these regions, information on groundwater resources – which could support supply source diversification – is scarce. Groundwater recharge is a key parameter that is used to estimate groundwater amounts that can be sustainably exploited at a sub-watershed level. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a reliable hydrological modelling routine that enables the assessment of regional spatio-temporal variations of groundwater recharge to discern the most promising areas for groundwater development. Accordingly, we present a semi-distributed hydrological modelling approach that incorporates water balance routines coupled with baseflow modelling techniques to yield spatio-temporal variations of groundwater recharge on a regional level. The approach is demonstrated for the actively managed catchment areas of the Amathole Water Supply System situated in a semi-arid part of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. In the investigated study area, annual groundwater recharge exhibits a high spatio-temporal heterogeneity and is estimated to vary between ~0.5% and 8% of annual rainfall. Despite some uncertainties induced by limited data availability, calibration and validation of the model were found to be satisfactory and yielded model results similar to (point) data of annual groundwater recharge reported in earlier studies. Our approach is therefore found to derive crucial information for efficiently targeting more detailed groundwater exploration studies and could work as a blueprint for orientating groundwater potential exploration in similar environments.