中国西南地区降水氢氧同位素研究进展与展望

中国西南地区属典型的季风气候, 降水的水汽来源及其影响因素非常复杂. 通过检索西南地区有关降水氢氧同位素的文献, 对西南三省一市降水氢氧同位素研究进行了综述. 从已开展研究的区域和站点、 主要采用的样品采集与分析方法、 主要的研究内容(同位素组成、 大气降水线、 氘盈余)和水汽来源、 影响因素以及区内的空间差异等几方面进行总结, 并对今后西南地区降水氢氧同位素的研究进行展望, 为研究区域降水氢氧同位素的进一步研究提供科学指导.     

Thermal diffusivity of natural and synthetic garnet solid solution series

Knowledge of heat transport properties as a function of mineral- and rock-composition and temperature is of major relevance to understand and model heat transfer in the Earth’s interior. A systematic study on 13 natural and 4 synthetic garnets was carried out in an attempt to obtain a better systematic understanding of the processes that affect the heat transport in minerals, especially the effect of chemical substitution in solid solution series. It is found that substitution significantly lowers the thermal diffusivity from end-member values for both synthetic and natural garnets with a minimum of thermal diffusivity at an intermediate composition. The thermal diffusivity as a function of the degree of substitution can be described by the approach of Padture and Klemens (J Am Ceram Soc 80 (4):1018–1020, 1997). With increasing temperature the thermal diffusivity decreases due to phonon-phonon-scattering effects. A quantitative analysis of the high-temperature behaviour was carried out by using the model of Roufosse and Klemens (J Geophys Res 79 (5):703–705, 1974), which takes a lower limit of thermal diffusivity at elevated temperatures into account. The model allows for an extrapolation of the deduced room temperature thermal diffusivities to higher temperatures. Furthermore, the model was modified to determine the high temperature limit of the thermal diffusivity for all investigated natural garnets D _min to be 0.64 ± 0.03 mm²/s.     

Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes of Waters in the Ordos Basin,China: Implications for Recharge of Groundwater in the North of Cretaceous Groundwater Basin

Hundreds of precipitation samples collected from meteorological stations in the Ordos Basin from January 1988 to December 2005 were used to set up a local meteoric water line and to calculate weighted average isotopic compositions of modern precipitation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, with averages of ?7.8‰ and ?53.0‰ for δ18O and δD, respectively, are depleted in winter and rich in spring, and gradually decrease in summer and fall, illustrating that the seasonal effect is considerable. They also show that the isotopic difference between south portion and north portion of the Ordos Basin are not obvious, and the isotope in the middle portion is normally depleted. The isotope compositions of 32 samples collected from shallow groundwater (less than a depth of 150 m) in desert plateau range from ?10.6‰ to ?6.0‰ with an average of ?8.4‰ for δ18O and from ?85‰ to ?46‰ with an average of ?63‰ for δD. Most of them are identical with modern precipitation. The isotope compositions of 22 middle and deep groundwaters (greater than a depth of 275 m) fall in ranges from ?11.6‰ to ?8.8‰ with an average of ?10.2‰ for δ18O and from ?89‰ to ?63‰ with an average of ?76‰ for δD. The average values are significantly less than those of modern precipitation, illustrating that the middle and deep groundwaters were recharged at comparatively lower air temperatures. Primary analysis of 14C shows that the recharge of the middle and deep groundwaters started at late Pleistocene. The isotopes of 13 lake water samples collected from eight lakes define a local evaporation trend, with a relatively flat slope of 3.77, and show that the lake waters were mainly fed by modern precipitation and shallow groundwater.     

The Determination of Total Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur in Silicates, Silicate Rocks, Soils and Sediments

Determinations of the volatile elements carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen in many geological RM, performed with the LECO CHN and SC analysers, are presented. The method allowed the determination of S in concentrations from a few % m/m to 0.001% m/m or less, of C from % m/m to 0.01% m/m and of H from % m/m to 0.004% m/m. Accuracy was usually better than the XRF method (for S). All obtained values passed the Sutarno-Steger test, which establishes that |(mean_analysed - mean_certified)|/ S_certified < 2, for the cases with an appropriate number of determinations (n > 10 for each element). It was possible to perform routine determination of C, H and S with the instrumentation, coupled with the determination of major and minor elements in geological materials. Determination of nitrogen could also be performed on an exploratory basis, with improvements in the method dependent on the future availability of more reference materials with reliable composition of this element.     

激光同位素光谱法测量水中氢氧同位素组成的实验室间比对研究

激光同位素光谱分析方法是近些年使用较广泛的一种便捷、快速的测试稳定同位素组成的技术,能同时分析出水中δD、δ~(18)O同位素组成,因其操作简单,检测效率高,体积小,野外现场测试携带方便,迅速在环境、地质、生态和能源等领域得到广泛应用,但是该测试分析方法尚没有相应的国家标准,测试结果得不到有效的溯源,在使用过程中缺乏规范和统一。为此,本文通过在全国范围内12家实验室选取8个比对水样(δD值在-189.1‰~-0.4‰内,δ~(18)O值在-24.52‰~0.32‰内),利用激光同位素光谱法测试比对D/H和18O/16O值,探讨激光同位素光谱仪分析水中δD、δ~(18)O值的准确度和精密度。测试结果表明:各个协作实验室数据准确、稳定,方法的重复性和再现性良好;激光光谱法测定的δD精密度为0.4‰(1σ),δ~(18)O精密度为0.05‰(1σ),与传统稳定同位素质谱的精度几乎一致,因此适用于常规水样中δD、δ~(18)O测定,可以开展野外在线实时检测水中氢氧同位素组成。本研究为开展制定激光同位素光谱法测定环境液态水中δD、δ~(18)O同位素组成标准方法的工作推广和应用提供了参考。     

基于环境同位素技术的河水补给研究——以沈阳黄家傍河水源地为例

河水入渗补给是傍河水源地的主要补给来源,确定河水补给强度对于促进水源地长期安全的开采具有十分重要的意义。以沈阳黄家水源地为研究区,通过对比研究区河水、地下水的水化学及氢氧稳定同位素特征,分析了水源地地下水的补给来源及强度。结果表明:傍河水源地地下水主要接受河水的入渗补给和区域地下水的侧向补给;受河床沉积物和含水介质的岩性及结构在空间上的差异影响,河水入渗补给后在向地下水位漏斗中心流动的过程中具有浅层和深层两条地下水流路径,深层地下水与河水的水力联系更为紧密;河水对地下水的补给强度具有明显的时空变化特点,表现为雨季河水入渗强度明显大于旱季,并且随着与辽河距离的增加,水源地地下水获得的河水补给量呈逐渐减小的趋势。     

氢——地球深部流体的重要源泉

介绍了近年来金刚石包裹体中流体研究结果，特别是分子氢和羟基的发现。基于地幔中氢的发现，论证了氢在地球内部的赋存形式。地核和地幔中有氢化物存在得到高压低温实验、地球物理和天文物理测定的支持。从而提出，氢是地幔羽中的原始热物质。核幔边界或地幔中氢化物释放出的氢，发生化学反应，形成地幔流体，推动地球演化。地幔羽应称为氢羽。     

硅烷氢同位素分馏的理论计算

应用统计力学方法和较精确的非谐性校正，文章计算了硅烷在不同温度下的还原配分函数比，方程为：ｌｎβ＝－０．１６５９＋０．３６０３ｘ＋０．０４８９ｘ２以及硅烷与水和甲烷的氢同位素分馏方程：ｌｎαＳｉＨ４－Ｈ２Ｏ＝０．１５２３－０．４０６０ｘ＋０．０３１０ｘ２ｌｎαＣＨ４－ＳｉＨ４＝－０．１１５１＋０．２５８８ｘ－０．００２５ｘ２由于硅烷、甲烷中心原子电价相同，构型一致，对它们氢同位素分馏性质的对比讨论是很有意义的；同时，对增量法在氢同位素分馏计算中的应用进行了讨论     

Comparison of the Concentrations of Chemical Components in Cloudwater Samples Collected during Four Different Field Campaigns

In this study, the results of four different field experiments concerning the speciation of iron and the concentrations of some other chemical compounds in cloudwater samples are compared to one-another. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations were higher during campaigns, conducted at sites not much influenced by anthropogenic emissions as compared to those conducted at more polluted areas. In contrast, percentages of S(IV) in the cloudwater were lowest at the rural sites and highest at the sites polluted by human activities, indicating a consumption of hydrogen peroxide in the oxidation reaction with S(IV). The concentration of dissolved iron was observed to correlate with the percentage of S(IV), which may be an essential point for the reductive dissolution of oxidic iron compounds of the aerosol particles. As far as the speciation of the dissolved iron is concerned, it became obvious that the percentage of Fe(III) is anticorrelated to the concentration of dissolved iron. This clearly shows the important effect of the chemical and/or photo reductive ways of dissolving the iron(III)-compounds from the aerosol particles. However, a correlation between the pH-value and hydrogen peroxide was observed.     

氢在金刚石结构中的自陷模型

氢在金刚石结构中是自陷的。可以稳定存在的自陷形式有成键氢、反键心氢、键心氢及四面体空隙氢四种模型，而且氢在其中的相对稳定程度依上述顺序渐次递减。