Response of unbounded soil in scaled boundary finite‐element method

The scaled boundary finite‐element method is a powerful semi‐analytical computational procedure to calculate the dynamic stiffness of the unbounded soil at the structure–soil interface. This permits the analysis of dynamic soil–structure interaction using the substructure method. The response in the neighbouring soil can also be determined analytically. The method is extended to calculate numerically the response throughout the unbounded soil including the far field. The three‐dimensional vector‐wave equation of elasto‐dynamics is addressed. The radiation condition at infinity is satisfied exactly. By solving an eigenvalue problem, the high‐frequency limit of the dynamic stiffness is constructed to be positive definite. However, a direct determination using impedances is also possible. Solving two first‐order ordinary differential equations numerically permits the radiation condition and the boundary condition of the structure–soil interface to be satisfied sequentially, leading to the displacements in the unbounded soil. A generalization to viscoelastic material using the correspondence principle is straightforward. Alternatively, the displacements can also be calculated analytically in the far field. Good agreement of displacements along the free surface and below a prism foundation embedded in a half‐space with the results of the boundary‐element method is observed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strontium,SO42−/Cl− and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios as tracers for the evolution of seawater into coastal aquifers: the example of Castell de Ferro aquifer (SE Spain)

The strontium content and the SO₄^2?/Cl^? and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios were used as natural tracers of the residence time of seawater intrusion into the Castell de Ferro aquifer. Analysis of these parameters indicated the existence of two principal flowpaths in the aquifer. The first flows through the eastern part of the aquifer, through the karstified Castell de Ferro massif; it accommodates a larger and more rapid flow, so that the residence time is shorter, leading to lower SO₄²⁺/Cl^? ratios, lower Sr²⁺ content and higher Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios. The second flowpath is in the western sector, and flows exclusively through alluvial deposits; the flow here is slower, particularly that flowing towards the sea. Thus the residence time of the water here will be longer and there is scant flushing of the intruded seawater; this is manifested in the high Sr²⁺ content, high SO₄²⁺/Cl^? and low Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios. To cite this article: P. Pulido-Leboeuf et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE

Data from the 1996 ASGAMAGE experiment, performed in the southern North Sea at research platform Meetpost Noordwijk (MPN), are analysed for the parameters affecting the momentum flux. The stress turns out to be quadratically related to the 10-m wind speed and linearly to the wind speed at a wavelength related level. The Charnock parameter (dimensionless roughness length) shows a pronounced correlation with wave age. This implies, due to a coupling between wave age and the steepness of the waves, a connection between the stress and the steepness. We find that our North Sea results are consistent withopen ocean observations. For a given wind speed the mean stress at MPN turns out to be higher because the wave age there is in general lower. We define and give an expression for a drag coefficient at a wavelength related level that can be calculated straightforwardly from the wave age and then reduced to a standard level.     

THE INTERLINKAGE OF LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LATITUDES RELATED TO PROPAGATION OF THE PLANETARY WAVE AROUND EAST ASIA IN SUMMER*

This study has reviewed recent studies about impact of the Rossby wave propagation on the weather of East Asia.Then,we have focused on the northward progression of the subtropical high affected by the propagations and their interaction.The following results are obtained:(1) The two kinds of meridional Rossby wave propagations often affect the East Asian weather in summer,which propagate in two conflicting directions(northwest-southeastward and southwest-northeast-ward).This is considered as the interaction of the large-scale systems between high and low latitudes with wave propagation,especially to the circulation systems around East Asia.(2) The northward progression of the subtropical high is largely restrained,aecompanied by the southward shift of the convective activity in middle latitudes,under the strong and persistent Rossby wave propagation from high to low latitudes.And the opposite role could be found in the Rossby wave propagation from low to high latitudes.     

The contribution of the built environment to the ‘free-field’ ground motion in Mexico City

Soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects on building dynamic behaviour have been studied extensively. In comparison, the radiation of waves away from the soil–foundation interface has received little attention. Recent studies point out that SSI in an urban environment can modify the ground motion recorded in the free-field. These modifications will be important when two conditions are met: structures founded on soft soils and coincidence between the vibration periods of the structure and those of the superficial layers. Both conditions are met in Mexico City lake zone. In this study, we investigate SSI effects on ‘free-field’ motion. The data we use consist of microtremors recorded on soft soils in Mexico City, a densely built environment. Our objective was to identify the modifications to free-field ground motion caused by neighbouring structures. Data were analysed using H/V spectral ratios. Large variations in the level of amplification and resonant frequency were determined from microtremors in very closely spaced stations. Our results suggest consistently that free-field ground motion is significantly affected by the presence of neighbouring structures.     

黄河流域兰西城市群工业集聚与污染集聚的空间交互影响

城市群是黄河流域高质量发展的主要载体,理清城市群工业集聚与污染集聚的空间交互影响对城市群工业协同发展和污染联防联控具有现实意义。基于空间统计方法和空间联立方程模型,利用2010—2017年黄河流域兰西城市群41个县（区）数据分析工业集聚与污染集聚的空间交互影响。结果表明：工业集聚与污染集聚的空间格局均具有非均衡性和“路径依赖”。工业集聚与污染集聚之间存在“荣辱与共”的交互影响,工业集聚既促进污染集聚,污染集聚也促进工业集聚。工业集聚与污染集聚均具有空间依赖性,相邻县（区）之间的工业集聚与污染集聚存在空间交互影响。人口密度和经济水平既促进工业集聚,也促进污染集聚;环境规制既抑制工业集聚,也抑制污染集聚;政府干预、市场化率和投资水平促进工业集聚;技术水平抑制污染集聚,但产业结构却促进污染集聚。研究认为,工业协同发展是污染联防联控的根本,形成工业共建和污染共治的空间合力是黄河流域城市群高质量发展的必然选择。     

大城市多中心静态结构和动态关联特征分析

以郑州市为例,基于居民依赖度和要素属性值对POI要素热点分析结果进行空间加权叠加,分析城市多中心空间静态结构;运用词向量和数据场理论,在表达居民出行偏好的基础上,利用轨迹数据分析城市多中心对动态目标的吸引强度,并挖掘多中心网络的动态交互关系。研究表明：① 城市静态要素呈中央集中、外围分散的圈层空间分布形态,部分多中心已形成了一定吸引聚集能力,而另一部分虽然规划前景广阔,但还远未形成副中心应有的分散疏解作用;② 城市多中心对动态目标的吸引强度不均衡,出租车和电动车轨迹显示的多中心吸引强度和空间交互关系虽有差异,但均体现出城市为典型的外溢型结构,核心城区仍然是空间交互的主要方向。因此,还需通过政策导向和基础设施建设等手段,增强外围多中心的吸引聚集能力,实现城市空间均衡发展。     

长三角地区城市土地利用与生态环境效应的交互作用机制研究

论文以“长江三角洲城市经济协调会”内16个核心成员城市作为典型案例,构建城市土地利用与生态环境效应评价指标体系,运用灰色关联评价模型探究2000—2015年间城市土地利用与生态环境效应的时空演变规律与耦合度变化,解析系统间交互作用机制。结果表明：① 长三角地区城市土地利用指数不断增加,社会经济发展与土地利用开发均起到正向促进作用。社会经济发展对城市生产、生活空间和环境质量产生更多需求,建设用地扩张、耕地面积被侵占、人口承载增大也是导致城市土地利用指数上升的重要因素。② 区域生态环境质量整体表现平稳,效应映射到空间上,变化幅度与演变特征明显。浙江省的城市生态环境质量高于上海与江苏的城市,这与环境自净能力、污染处理设施建设以及生态保护理念的宣传等因素相关。③ 城市土地利用与生态环境效应耦合度较低的城市占多数,处于失调状态。城镇化进程中用地扩张呈现低密度、分散化倾向,对生态安全和环境质量扰动强烈,导致城市土地利用与生态环境保护的空间偏离度加大。④ 城市土地利用系统与生态环境系统各要素间存在较强的相互作用关系,要素胁迫与约束作用强度大小差异明显。     

Climate change and multi-dimensional sustainable urbanization

Global large-scale urbanization and climate change have become indisputable scientific facts yet are unresolved issues, and are a common concern for mankind. The relationship between these two topics is unclear and it is not known how to deal appropriately at the scientific level with climate change in the process of urbanization. Further exploration of the science, management and practice, are needed to achieve global and regional sustainadevelopment. This paper first considers the basic facts concerning mass urbanization and climate change and summarizes the interactions and possible mechanisms of urbanization and climate change. Urbanization leads to the heat island effect, an uneven distribution of precipitation and extreme weather, together with a local-regional-global multi-scale superposition effect, which aggravates the consequences of global climate change. The impact of climate change on urbanization is mainly manifested in aspects such as changes of energy consumption, mortality, and the spread of infectious diseases, sea level rise, extreme weather damage to infrastructure, and water shortages. This paper also briefly reviews relevant international research programs and action coalitions and puts forward an analysis framework multi-dimensional sustainable urbanization which can adapt to and mitigate climate change, from the perspective of the four key dimensions—population, land use, economy, and society. It is imperative that we strengthen the interdisciplinary activities involving the natural and social sciences, take urbanization and other human activities into consideration of the land-atmosphere system, and explore the human-land-atmosphere coupling process. The adaptation and mitigation from the perspective of human activities, as represented by urbanization, might be the most critical and realistic way to deal with climate change.