Seismic response of isolated bridges with soil–structure interaction

The modern transportation facilities demand that the bridges are to be constructed across the gorges that are located in seismically active areas and at the same time the site conditions compel the engineers to rest the pier foundation on soil. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on the peak responses of three-span continuous deck bridge seismically isolated by the elastomeric bearings. The emphasis has been placed on gauging the significance of physical parameters that affect the response of the system and identify the circumstances under which it is necessary to include the SSI effects in the design of seismically isolated bridges. The soil surrounding the foundation of pier is modelled by frequency independent coefficients and the complete dynamic analysis is carried out in time domain using complex modal analysis method. In order to quantify the effects of SSI, the peak responses of isolated and non-isolated bridge (i.e. bridge without isolation device) are compared with the corresponding bridge ignoring these effects. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the effects of soil flexibility and bearing parameters (such as stiffness and damping) on the response of isolated bridge system. It is observed that the soil surrounding the pier has significant effects on the response of the isolated bridges and under certain circumstances the bearing displacements at abutment locations may be underestimated if the SSI effects are not considered in the response analysis of the system.     

水-岩相互作用模拟的研究进展

水 岩相互作用的地球化学模拟已在模型建立和软件的开发方面取得了较大的进展。地球化学模型发展经历了从反向模拟到正向模拟,以及到现在的反应性溶质运移模拟的发展过程。许多计算模拟软件被开发出并投入到实际应用中,现在的模拟技术已能处理较大范围内温度变化、压力变化、组分变化,以及各种地质条件下的水 岩地球化学作用。许多水 岩相互作用问题要回答地质作用的过去历史,要解释或预测未来可能水环境变化,通过模拟已获得满意的解决。目前水 岩作用地球化学模拟取得的重要进步是动力学模型和耦合运移模拟已取得了实质性进展,并应用于实际研究之中。     

Crust-Mantle Structures and Gold Enrichment Mechanism of Mantle Fluid System

Gold enrichment mechanism of ore-forming fluid is the essence of gold metallization.This paper summarizes the distinguishing symbols of mantle fluid and effect of crust-mantle structure on fluid movement. Fluid moving processes include osmosis, surge, gas-liquid alterna-tion and mutation of fluid speed. During fluid movement, gold will be enriched gradually. Final-ly, a layered circulatory system is illustrated in this paper.     

与地下水作用有关的地质灾害

人类发展演化过程中,经历了各种各样地质作用所造成的灾害,其中大部分地质灾害的形成都有地下水的参与。据大量事实统计,地下水与岩土体互相作用所造成的地质灾害具有类型的多样性、机理的复杂性、分布的广泛性、灾害的严重性和可控性等特征。同时,目前在生产和科研实践中对地下水作用致灾的重要性认识及勘察研究投入不够,在地质灾害评价预测中对地下水作用的定性定量分析是个薄弱环节。因此,必须强调和加强地下水与岩土体互相作用效应的勘察研究。地下水与岩土体间复杂的物理化学作用必然引起二者物质成分、性质和状态的变化。其中尤以地下水位升降和水力坡度的变化影响最大,从地下水作用致灾机理看,有静水推力、有效应力变化、渗透压力增大、水力楔入、冰劈、水的加载、水化、水击、土体冻融、淋溶和沉淀等作用。文中以渗透变形灾害为例分析了地下水与土体的相互作用效应。在此基础上提出勘察工作应以查明地下水的埋深和补给来源,查明沿渗流方向的地层岩性、成因、物质成分、厚度、空间分布和透水性为主。指出防治对策应针对灾害类型、机理、地质环境、保护目标不同,既以治水为主,又要区别对待,与环境保护同步考虑。     

我国油藏渗流-温度-应力耦合的研究进展

油藏流固耦合理论的研究,近年来引起中国学者的极大兴趣,成为油藏工程及相关领域研究的热点问题之一。笔者不但比较系统地介绍了石油工程中遇到的不可忽略的流固耦合问题,而且,对油藏流固耦合的主要研究方法、研究结果等进行了报道,并对油藏热流固耦合研究的发展趋势和前沿方向进行了展望。     

漠滨金矿成矿物理化学条件的水—岩反应实验研究

以漠滨金矿围岩地球化学特征和矿物流体包裹体组成为基础，模拟特定体系水－岩相互作用实验，研究结果表明，漠滨金矿的成矿元素Au主要源于赋矿围岩－－板溪群五强溪组一套浅变质碎屑砂岩、砂质板岩和凝灰质板岩。Cl^-在中低温热液体系中能与Au形成稳定络合物的形式进行运移，因此Cl^-在该区Au成矿过程中起着相当重要的作用。成矿热液流体中Au主要以金硫、金氯络合物形式在溶液中迁移，阴离子∑S、Cl^-对金的活化、迁移及沉淀起主导作用。溶液中硫氯离子浓度、溶液酸碱度及反应温度是金活化、迁移及沉淀的决定性因素。     

人的地域属性对区域政策的解释及影响

从地区发展及区域政策，分析了目前中国区域政策中政策绩效差和市场失灵两难境地的主导因素，通过对人及其背后地域属性的二元相互关系分析，认为人作为活跃的经济要素，与地域的对应性应该弱化，提出今后区域政策的政策目标应该是引导人群间分配的相对公平，使各地区在生态、景观、文化上保持丰富性和多样性，而不是徒劳地将地区作为政策对象或片面强调缩小地区差距。     

Preservation of aeolian genetic units by lava flows in the Lower Cretaceous of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil

The Lower Cretaceous geological record of the intracratonic Paraná Basin in southern Brazil comprises a thick succession of aeolian sandstones and volcanic rocks. The intercalation between aeolian sandstone and volcanic floods allowed the preservation of distinct aeolian genetic units. Each genetic unit represents an accumulation episode, bounded by supersurfaces, that coincides with the base of lava flood events. The entire package can be subdivided into a Lower Genetic Unit, which corresponds to aeolian sandstones preserved below the initial lava flows (Botucatu Formation), and an upper set of genetic units, which comprises interlayered aeolian deposits and lava floods (Serra Geral Formation). The Lower Genetic Unit is up to 100 m thick. Its base is composed of ephemeral stream and aeolian sand sheet deposits that are overlain by cross‐bedded sandstones whose origin is ascribed to simple, locally composite, crescentic and complex linear aeolian dunes. Aeolian accumulation of the lower unit was possible as a result of the existence of a wide topographic basin, which caused wind deceleration, and a large sand availability that promoted a positive net sediment flux. The Upper Genetic Units comprise isolated sand bodies that occur in two different styles: (1) thin lenses (<3 m thick) formed by aeolian sand sheets; and (2) thick sand lenses (3–15 m) comprising cross‐bedded cosets generated by migration and climbing of simple to locally composite crescentic aeolian dunes. Accumulation of the aeolian strata was associated with wind deceleration within depressions on the irregular upper surface of the lava floods. The interruption of sedimentation in the Lower and Upper Genetic Units, and related development of supersurfaces, occurred as a result of widespread effusions of basaltic lava. Preservation of both wind‐rippled topset deposits of the aeolian dunes and pahoehoe lava imprints indicates that lava floods covered active aeolian dunes and, hence, protected the aeolian deposits from erosion, thus preserving the genetic units.     

Effects of wave passage on the relevant dynamic properties of structures with flexible foundation

An evaluation of the wave passage effects on the relevant dynamic properties of structures with flexible foundation is presented. A simple soil–structure system similar to that used in practice to take into account the inertial interaction effects by the soil flexibility is studied. The kinematic interaction effects due to non‐vertically incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves are accounted for in this model. The effective period and damping of the system are obtained by establishing an equivalence between the interacting system excited by the foundation input motion and a replacement oscillator excited by the free‐field ground motion. In this way, the maximum structural response could be estimated from standard free‐field response spectra using the period and damping of the building modified by both the soil flexibility and the travelling wave effects. Also, an approximate solution for the travelling wave problem is examined over wide ranges of the main parameters involved. Numerical results are computed for a number of soil–structure systems to identify under which conditions the effects of wave passage are important. It comes out that these effects are generally negligible for the system period, but they may significantly change the system damping since the energy dissipation within the soil depends on both the wave radiation and the diffraction and scattering of the incident waves by the foundation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings including soil–structure interaction

This paper presents a systematic procedure for the seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings. The study employs an elementary stick model and a more sophisticated finite element formulation to compute response quantities. All dynamic stiffnesses of approach embankments and pile groups are approximated with frequency‐independent springs and dashpots that have been established elsewhere. A real eigenvalue analysis confirms the one‐to‐one correspondence between modal characteristics obtained with the three‐dimensional finite element solutions and the result of the simpler stick‐model idealization. A complex eigenvalue analysis yields modal damping values in the first six modes of interest and shows that modal damping ratios assume values much higher than those used by Caltrans. The validity of the proposed method is examined by comparing the computed time response quantities with records from the Meloland Road and Painter Street overcrossings located in southern and northern California, respectively. The proposed procedure allows for inexpensive parametric analysis that examines the importance of considering soil–structure interaction at the end abutments and centre bent. Results and recommendations presented by past investigations are revisited and integrated in comprehensive tables that improve our understanding of the dynamic characteristics and behaviour of freeway overcrossings. The study concludes with a step‐by‐step methodology that allows for a simple, yet dependable dynamic analysis of freeway overcrossings, that involves a stick model and frequency‐independent springs and dashpots. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.