中美城市郊区化发展比较研究

20世纪美国城市经历了普遍的郊区化过程,深刻地重构了美国经济和社会结构。分析美国郊区化的发展历程、原因和影响;在探讨中国城市郊区化的特征和机制基础上,与美国郊区化进行比较。美国郊区化主要从20世纪20年代开始产生,经历了4个发展阶段,其动力机制主要是收入的提高、交通技术进步、小汽车的广泛使用、公共政策、电信技术的发展等,美国郊区化促进了美国都市区的发展,并造就了美国战后经济高速发展的同时,但也带来了一系列的社会问题,如空间不匹配、内城衰败等问题;中国城市郊区化开始发生于20世纪80年代,至今可以分为两个发展阶段,中国城市郊区化是在全球化、市场化、分权化的转型背景下发生和发展的,在具有郊区化一般规律的同时,与美国郊区化在发生背景、动力机制、影响等方面不同。未来中国城市郊区化将加速发展,应该吸取美国郊区化的经验教训,促进中国城市合理发展。     

Economic globalization and regional disparities in the Philippines

This paper empirically tracks the Philippine (policy) path following the mantra of economic globalization over the past 25 years. Specifically, it investigates the resulting regional growth‐inequality relationships and development footprints accompanying the restructuring of political economy and livelihoods. The Philippine case thereby shows how globalization can simultaneously cause the selective dismantling of (economic) barriers and enhancement of mobility and growth, as well as a deterioration of socioeconomic inequalities in space and society. In an increasingly deregulated and contested environment these development divides do not just pose serious threats to regional balance and national cohesion but, ultimately, undermine state capacity to achieve avowed goals of inclusive growth, stability and equality for citizens.     

清至民国洛川塬土地利用演变及其对土壤侵蚀的影响

依据史料和已有研究,恢复了洛川塬土地利用的演变过程及其对土壤侵蚀的影响。研究表明,清至民国时期是一个由土地垦殖的初步恢复到土地垦殖力度的增强、垦殖范围的扩大,再至战乱、自然灾害后期的重建以及民国时期土地垦殖发展的过程。地貌的复杂性、降水的不稳定性,对土地开垦造成客观限制;政策制度的推行对土地开垦起到主导作用;而人口因素是土地开垦的根本动力。土地开垦面积随不同时期的人口变化而呈现显著差异,即土地开垦面积和人口数量之间成正相关关系。洛川塬环境伴随着人口增长、土地利用强度增强而逐步恶化。这种恶化是地理环境系统自我调节能力减弱,继而引发土壤侵蚀加剧,并呈现为人为加速侵蚀和自然侵蚀交相混合的共同作用。     

转型期广州市生命历程与住房产权转换

作为家庭生命历程中的重要事件,住房产权转换与家庭特征变化、个人与工作单位的关系以及区域住房市场环境变化紧密相关。采取事件史分析方法,将住房产权转换与个体生命历程中的重要事件关联起来,分析住房产权转换的影响因素。对住房产权转换的持续期的研究发现,处于租房状态下的住户改变产权状态的愿望较强,但产权一旦进入自有状态,居民改变产权的愿望就会降低;从住房产权的生存时间来看,最终向全部产权转变的生存时间最长,其次是向资助产权的转变,最短的是向租房产权转变;通过建立COX’s比例风险模型分析发现,家庭生命周期变化和组织变量对住房产权转换的影响都非常显著,说明在中国特殊背景下,住房产权的转换不仅与家庭基本特征变化密切有关,还与个人单位的基本特征密切相关,这正是转型时期计划体制和市场分配体制双重力量相互作用的结果。     

气象信息安全建设探讨

为了解决北京气象信息网络安全和有效地满足气象信息共享、等级保护和未来发展的需求,在分析现有北京气象信息网络建设中存在安全风险的基础上,从人员思想意识、管理、技术等方面提出了一套比较完整的解决信息安全问题思路。结果表明：可从信息安全系统建设方面以安全等级划分作为首要切入点,建立安全域,解决办公网、业务网和互联网三网关联问题。将安全检查评估和加固贯穿到信息系统整个周期,采用网络安全联防机制安全准入方案解决VPN接入导致的网络边界模糊问题。可根据信息系统属性和损害客体及损害程度来划分信息系统等级。此研究思路,对气象信息系统安全的进一步发展有参考意义。     

中国公众CO2减排的支付意愿：来自4个省市的案例

利用非市场价值评估的方法——条件价值法,通过估算公众对CO₂减排政策的支付意愿,评估中国减缓气候变化政策的价值。利用从北京、上海、山东、福建4个省市收集的1653份有效调查问卷,建立支付意愿模型。结果表明,绝大部分参与者对CO₂减排政策持明显的支持态度,平均每人每年愿意支付201.86元人民币以支持减排行动。其中,北京地区的参与者CO₂减排的支付意愿最高,其次为福建和山东,上海参与者的支付意愿最低。模型显示,年轻、男性和中共党员参与者愿意支付较高的额度支持CO₂减排行动,收入水平高、对目前的生活状况满意、对气候变化问题有较好理解的参与者支付意愿也高。这一研究的政策启示是：中国低碳发展需要将公众对气候政策的支持意愿转化为切实的低碳行动,在设计碳税等减排机制时还要关注不同地区和收入群体在支付意愿和能力上的差异。     

Acceptance limits for performance‐based seismic design of RC walls for low‐rise housing

Acceptance limits of the structural response of walls for low‐rise concrete housing were developed. Proposed values are applicable within a performance‐based seismic design framework. Acceptance limits are based on performance indicators of structural response–allowable story drift ratios, width of residual cracks and residual damage index, and expected damage of walls. Cracking limits were defined from parameters obtained at the unloading stage of walls (i.e., residual cracking stage). The residual cracking stage may be used for structural damage evaluation and cost estimation of structural rehabilitation after an earthquake has occurred. The performance indicators proposed herein were derived from test observations and measured response of 39 RC walls' specimens during shaking table and quasistatic testing, as well as from limiting values and results of previous studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震灾害中的农村民房恢复重建模式研究——以宁洱镇民政村为例

基于2007年6月3日云南省宁洱6.4级地震灾区的实地考察和走访,结合对相关文献和救灾档案资料的综合分析,以宁洱镇民政行政村为典型实例,系统地阐述了该次地震灾害中农村民房恢复重建的模式,初步分析了这种恢复重建模式的关键环节、优势和面临的困难,并提出了一些改进该模式的建议,以期为今后的地震恢复重建工作提供一些借鉴。     

Global implementation of marine protected areas: Is the developing world being left behind?

While the global network of marine protected areas (MPAs) has recently been evaluated in the light of bio-geographic targets, there has been no attempt to evaluate the relative conservation efforts made by the different nations with regards to their level of socio-economic development. Using information mostly gathered from the world database on protected areas (WDPA), this paper gives a comparative assessment of MPA progress in countries from different economic categories, ranging from advanced economies to least developed countries (LDCs). Potentially explanatory socio-economic and environmental factors, such as fishing activity and existence of vulnerable marine ecosystems, for variability between nations in the level of MPA implementation are also explored. Existing MPA databases demonstrate a clear gap between developed and developing nations in MPA establishment, with advanced economies accounting for two thirds of the global MPA network. Patterns of MPA use, however, remain extremely heterogeneous between countries within each development group. International agreements on marine conservation, above and beyond the influence of country socio-economic and environmental profiles, are identified as a stimulating factor to MPA implementation. The level dependence on marine resource extraction appears to impede MPA implementation, though the relationship is not statistically significant due to large heterogeneity among countries. Leading developed nations increasingly use MPAs to designate integrated and adaptive management areas, and implementation of large “no-take” reserves in relatively-pristine overseas areas continues to accelerate. These analyses highlight certain limitations regarding our ability to assess the true conservation effectiveness of the existing global MPA network and the need for improved indicators of MPA restrictions and management efforts.     

The changing environment of fisheries policy in Europe

This paper presents how environmental concerns emanating outside the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) are increasingly setting the stage for EU fisheries management. This is illustrated via what is termed the exogenous entrance of environmental concerns through the implementation of directives in EU policy. More endogenous entrance of environmental concerns occurs via stakeholder participation in Regional Advisory Councils (RACs) as well as market mechanisms, such as ecolabelling and traceability. This study discusses how these latter channels of environmental concern may have become a more potent and efficient way of reaching environmental goals, outside of the primacy of the CFP.