国外旅游治理研究进展综述

随着旅游业从规划开发阶段到经营管理阶段的转变,治理作为政治与公共政策领域中一个重要概念,被引入到旅游研究之中,并成为当今旅游研究的一个重要议题。文章在对国外旅游治理研究演变分析的基础上,就其研究理论、主要模式、研究议题、评价标准构建、绩效评价等5方面内容进行综述。研究发现,在研究进程上,其从小部分研究者的自发关注转变为当前旅游研究中的热点问题;在研究理论上,从交易成本理论、产权理论、委托代理理论到网络理论的转变;在研究议题上,涵盖旅游开发与规划治理、旅游营销治理、旅游资源与环境治理、旅游目的地治理、可持续旅游治理、旅游治理中的权力结构、旅游全球治理、旅游治理难点等内容;在比较研究上,应深入挖掘中国特殊社会经济文化情境下的旅游治理的一般性与特殊性,丰富现有的旅游治理研究。     

Determinism within human–environment research and the rediscovery of environmental causation

The popularity of the work Guns, germs and steel (GGS) has served to bring the question of human–environment connections once again to the forefront of popular thought. We assert that the recent success of GGS represents both a persistence of environmental determinist logic and a contemporary trend that privileges the environment as the primary influence on human–environment relationships. The historical development of the human–environment field is reviewed from the cultural and political ecology (CAPE) perspective, with particular attention to illustrating the varying emphasis between humans and their environment. GGS is situated within this developing field through a critical analysis of the arguments and methods forwarded by Jared Diamond. The book is found to mirror earlier environmental determinism by failing to take into account many of the advances in human–environmental thought since the early twentieth century. Its popular success suggests the pitfalls of failures to acknowledge the complex, intertwined and indivisible relationship that exists among humans and their environment. Furthermore, there is evidence that the environmental determinism espoused in GGS has caught the attention of international development policymakers potentially influencing future outlays of aid and assistance to the developing world. These conclusions raise cautionary flags against repeating past theoretical mistakes by accepting simplistic, causal explanations based largely on a deterministic conception of the natural environment.     

Unemployment in Non-Metropolitan Australia: integrating geography,social and individual contexts

Despite a significant period of strong economic and jobs growth nationally, there is well-established evidence in Australia that the proceeds of this growth have not been shared equally, either between places or between individuals. Empirically, it is well known that particular socioeconomic groups have a higher risk of unemployment and it has become equally well established that there are particular geographic patterns of labour market disadvantage that suggest that local geographic context is also important. What is not well understood are the ways in which phenomena at the geographic level are associated with individual-level characteristics and other social contexts in ways that negatively impact on a range of social outcomes, including unemployment. The present paper specifically addresses this issue by using a multi-scalar approach and using survey data from the Housing, Income and Labour Force Dynamics Australia (HILDA) survey and aggregate level census data to model unemployment risk. The paper argues that to better understand unemployment and to add to sound policy development, approaches that incorporate a variety of contexts, including the impact of local geographies, are important.     

欧盟空间规划研究进展及启示

欧盟空间规划是世界上最早的跨国空间规划。其新的空间规划理念、跨国规划实践、新的规划方法与制度等,在世界空间规划领域产生了较大的影响。欧盟从上世纪80年代以来先后启动实施了欧洲标准区域划分(NUTS)、欧洲空间发展远景(ESDP)和欧洲空间规划研究计划(SPESP)等3个不同的空间规划研究项目,在空间规划理念、空间区域划分等方面取得了重要的研究成果。此外,欧洲区域发展基金、欧洲社会基金、结构基金以及监测评估网络的建立,是欧盟空间规划实施的重要政策保障体系。文章最后进一步探讨了欧盟空间规划实践对我国当前空间规划研究的若干启示。     

1949年以来中国耕地功能变化

耕地功能变化具有明显的阶段性。日本、韩国、美国及欧洲发达国家耕地功能已普遍转型。中国农业发展及土地利用需求变化与以上国家颇为相似。那么,目前中国耕地功能变化是否也在发生转型？对此,在构建耕地功能变化分析框架与度量方法的基础上,分析1949年以来中国耕地功能变化过程。结果表明,中国耕地功能总体上于2006 年开始转型,转型前后耕地功能供需协调与供需错位、供给滞后、形态扭曲并存。在综合考虑以上发达国家经验与中国耕地功能变化过程的基础上,尝试提出耕地多功能管理建议。此外,从耕地功能变化研究框架出发探讨了土地利用转型的研究路径。     

中国城市发展方针的演变调整与城市规模新格局

城市发展方针是指导城市持续健康发展、把握城市发展大局与方向的总体纲领。处在不同发展阶段的城市需要与之相适应的城市发展方针来指导,城市发展的阶段性规律决定了城市发展方针是随着城市发展阶段的变化而调整的,因而不是一成不变的。在对中国近60 多年来城市发展总体方针演变过程与指导效果回顾总结的基础上,客观分析了中国现行城市发展方针的局限性,包括现行城市发展方针与国家城市发展的客观现实不相符合,缺少对城市化重点地区“城市群”的基本表述,对大、中、小城市的划分标准不尽合理,现行城市发展方针指导下的城市体系等级规模结构与行政区划不相协调等。最后提出了调整现行城市发展方针的建议方案,重新划分大、中、小城市的规模标准,将中国城市划分为超大城市（市区常住人口规模≥1000 万人）、特大城市（介于500 万~1000 万人）、大城市（介于100 万~500 万人）、中等城市（介于50 万~100 万人）、小城市（介于10 万~50 万人）、小城镇（<10 万人） 共六个规模等级标准;将新形势下中国城市发展方针调整为：引导发展城市群,严格控制超大和特大城市,合理发展大城市,鼓励发展中等城市,积极发展小城市和小城镇,形成城市群与大、中、小城市与小城镇协调发展的国家城市发展新格局。到2020 年将形成由20 个城市群、10 个超大城市、20 个特大城市、150 个大城市、240 个中等城市、350 个小城市和19000 个小城镇组成的6 级国家城市规模结构新体系;重新构建建制市的设市标准,尝试建立民族自治市;鼓励发展小城市和小城镇,把其作为农业人口就近就地市民化的首选地,不断提升城镇化发展质量。     

基于DLS模型的城市土地政策生态效应研究——以深圳市为例

以快速城市化典型地区——深圳市为例,结合土地利用变化与生态质量评价模型对城市土地利用的数量控制和空间控制两类生态政策的生态效应进行了评估。结果表明：(1) 在城市化发展过程中,由于城市用地扩张,城市生境面临破碎化增加、连通性降低、生境质量下降等生态风险,生态政策的实施可以在一定程度上缓解上述生态风险。(2) 数量控制的生态政策可以提高土地利用的集约性,遏制景观破碎化和生境质量下降趋势和增强景观连通性,但可能造成城市开发强度上升,对城市用地周边生态环境产生影响。(3) 空间控制的生态政策可以维护生态用地格局,遏制景观破碎化和生境质量下降趋势,但在维护景观连通性方面作用有限。(4) 两种政策同时使用会产生协同效应,其效果优于单独使用两种政策。     

广州住房与保障房的建设与评价

以广州12个保障房社区的问卷抽样调查为基础,从住房建设与住房结构、保障房建设、保障性住房社区3个层面探究了城市住房与保障房的关系,对当前广州保障房社区现状进行定量分析,并从社区层面检验当前保障房建设模式下的实际效果。研究发现,总体上,20世纪90年代后广州住房质量提升明显,配套设施不断完善,但住房拥有率低,租赁住房是城市居民的重要选择;且住房市场的发展并未较好地解决居民的住房需求,保障性住房缺口较大,城市住房保障职能部分转嫁于城中村等“非正规”居住空间,住房保障体系仍有较大的提升空间。在保障房社区层面,存在部分配套设施可达性低、居民社区参与程度低等问题,但居民的满意度较高,居住意愿达到了89.2%,这表明当前大规模保障房建设具有其合理性。但当前保障房建设模式忽视了保障房社区的后续发展,已出现社区居民社会融合度低、发展机会少等问题,并可能向新的贫困集聚区演化。     

Modeling the impacts of policy interventions from REDD+ in Southeast Asia: A case study in Indonesia

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and enhancing “removals of greenhouse gas emissions by forests” in developing countries through positive incentives is regarded as an essential component of the post-2012 climate regime for stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions and an important way of engaging developing countries in global mitigation efforts. We aimed to evaluate the potential effectiveness of REDD+ by integrating it into a land use option framework. One of our goals was to develop scenarios for evaluating the impacts of land use changes on carbon and environmental processes. In addition, we aimed to quantify the potential economic benefits to society of compensated reductions and to identify hotspots for applying REDD+. Three land use change scenarios were examined: (I) business as usual (BAU), (II) economic development, and (III) REDD+. A case study in Indonesia was examined using these land use scenarios and policy interventions, evaluating their effects on carbon emissions, socioeconomics, and environmental features of a spatial system using land use models. Significant emissions and water erosion reductions were predicted to be achieved under the REDD+ scenario, due to reduced deforestation of <6% over the next decade; >0.14 Mt CO₂e reduction was predicted relative to the BAU scenario. Furthermore, the spatial land use model indicated that REDD+ payments of forest carbon credits in the compliance market would play a key role in compensating rural communities and plantation companies for their opportunity cost in ending deforestation. This study provides an example of integrating land use modeling with a scenario analysis framework to evaluate plausible future forecasts and to evaluate the potential impacts of REDD+.     

基于核密度估计的南京二手房活跃度特征及影响机制研究

随着越来越多住房可通过网络查询和交易,为住房空间研究提供一个全新数据来源。本文通过对南京搜房网二手房数据挖掘,采用核密度估计空间分析方法,研究南京二手房活跃度的空间特征,重点探讨不同二手房活跃度影响因素,并通过河西、大光路和夫子庙3个案例,实证二手房活跃度的影响机制。研究发现,南京二手房活跃度空间呈现“一心三组团”的结构。二手房活跃度高的地区主要集中在南京市鼓楼区和建邺区;东部玄武高教区、南部江宁二手房活跃度较低,住房空间较为固化,居住空间发展较为成熟。影响二手房活跃度空间差异主要有住房内因和住房外因2个方面。通过多元回归模型分析表明,住房内因的价格、住房层数、绿化率和装修程度和外因的学区、地铁和区域变量显著影响二手房活跃度。居住层数、物业管理费、生活配套设施在活跃度高低2个层面 显著。