城市化、产业结构、能源消费、经济增长与碳排放的关联性分析——基于中国省际收入水平异质性的实证研究

在全国推崇节能减排,寻求低碳经济发展的大环境下,探究不同收入水平下各影响因子与碳排放的关联性有助于区域异质性碳减排政策的制定。根据2002—2016年的经济发展水平数据,将中国30个省及直辖市（不包含西藏及港、澳、台地区）划分为4个不同收入水平,分别建立面板向量自回归（PVAR）模型,并运用面板格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应和方差分解探究城市化、产业结构、能源消费、经济增长与碳排放之间的关联性。研究结果表明,处于不同收入水平下的省份各影响因子与碳排放之间的关系存在异质性。收入水平较高的省份当前城市化水平已产生显著的减排效应,而欠发达地区仍处于城市化进程加速碳排放阶段;4个收入水平下能源消费均会长期影响碳排放,但欠发达地区更加需要摆脱能源依赖的经济发展路径,并且提高能源利用率从而降低碳排放;非高收入水平省份产业结构对碳排放造成的影响明显高于高收入水平省份。此外,实证结果表明,中国仍处于碳排放与经济发展的同步增长阶段,减排政策将会对经济增长产生负向反馈,故现有减排路径的选择需要高度审慎的设计与实施。     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土本构关系

粗粒土在较大的应力条件下容易产生颗粒破碎现象,而现有的大多数模型都没有考虑剪切过程中的颗粒破碎。模型将塑性功引入土体受力变形过程的能量方程中,推导得到土体流动法则。采用直线型屈服轨迹和非相关联流动法则,利用不排水应力路径计算得到硬化函数,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。对比分析表明：该模型对粗粒土在各种围压下的应力-应变和体应变计算结果与试验曲线吻合较好。     

基于气象因子的南京市冬季和夏季用电量预测研究

基于2014—2016年南京市常规气象逐时观测数据、逐日用电量和逐时用电负荷数据,分析南京市用电量变化及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：南京市用电量7—8月、12月至翌年1月为两个峰值,4月和10月为两个谷值,年变化明显。四季均呈现显著“周末效应”。用电负荷一天内有两个峰值,分别出现在10时和20时;两个谷值,一个谷值冬夏季在04时,另一谷值冬季在14时,夏季在18时。南京市用电量与气象条件的变化密切相关,气象因子与用电量的关系在不同月份有所不同,如夏(秋、冬)季气温日较差越大(小),用电量越大;7月、8月(10月至翌年3月)气温越高(低),用电量越大;冬季用电量受气象要素的影响程度总体低于夏季。冬季用电量主要受气温制约;夏季用电量受气象要素的影响更为复杂,除了气温,还需综合考虑水汽、日照等因子。利用逐步回归法,建立冬、夏季逐月日用电量气象预测方程,方程中入选气象因子的存在明显的月际差异。不同月份分别针对性地考量入选气象因子的预报值,做出用电量预估,可为电力调度提供参考。     

VCR法在紫金山金铜矿2号溜井贯通中的应用

针对紫金山金铜矿露天采矿场2号溜井贯通施工的情况,详细阐述了溜井VCR法贯通爆破的施工方法。考虑因爆破时间限制的影响,提出了可行的解决方案。通过溜井顺利贯通的施工经验及施工分析,总结出了VCR法在溜井贯通爆破中的注意事项。     

电提取过程中极化现象的讨论

用测定资料对极化现象在电提取过程中的影响程度给出定量的估计办法,以及在寻找消除极化影响途径方面所作的考虑和试验。     

最优增长路径下的中国碳排放估计

从能源消费、水泥生产和森林碳汇3 个方面对中国未来的碳排放进行了较为全面的估计。其中,能源消费碳排放是在能源-经济框架下利用经济动力学模型对最优经济增长路径下的能源需求进行预测得到的,同时考虑了能源结构的演化及不同能源品种在碳排放系数上存在的差异;水泥生产碳排放则是在对水泥产量预测的基础上进行的,认为水泥产量与城市化进程存在一定的联系,而城市化进程遵循“S曲线”发展规律;森林碳汇是通过引入CO2FIX模型,分别对原有森林与新增可造林的固碳能力进行估算,最终合成了中国未来的净碳排放曲线。结果发现,能源消费碳排放在2031 年达到高峰,为2637 MtC,对应的人均GDP低于OECD国家的实证经验;人均排放高峰出现在2030 年,为1.73 tC/人,远低于美国欧盟和日本2006 年水平;水泥生产碳排放增长放缓,2050 年控制在254 MtC左右,占工业总排放的12%;森林碳汇至2050 年可累计吸收6806.2 MtC,年吸收量逐渐下降;净排放也于2033 年达到峰值,为2748 MtC。     

海滦河流域河流系统生态环境需水量计算

从水资源开发利用中的生态环境问题出发 ,探讨河流系统生态环境需水量的内涵。指出生态环境需水量是指地表水体维持特定的生态环境功能所必须蓄存和消耗的最小水量。在这一概念的基础上 ,构建计算河流系统生态环境需水量的理论基础。以海滦河流域为例 ,分三部分(即河流基本生态环境需水量、河流输沙排盐水量和湖泊洼地生态环境需水量 )概算了区域河流系统的生态环境需水量。计算结果表明海滦河流域生态需水量为 1 2 4× 1 0 8m3 ,约占流域地表径流总量的 54%。认为海滦河流域水资源开发率超过 40 %时 ,就会对生态环境造成严重影响。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

土地财政和土地市场发育对城市房价的影响

在分析土地财政、土地市场发育以及两者交互作用对城市房价影响机理的基础上,采用2003-2017年282个地级市的面板数据和动态空间杜宾模型,实证检验土地财政、土地市场发育以及两者交互作用对城市房价的影响.考察了东中西部地区的异质性影响.研究结果表明:城市房价存在显著的空间溢出效应;土地财政和土地市场发育对房价的直接影响...     

Impacts of Recent Climate Change on Dry-Land Crop Water Consumption in the Northern Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone of China

Climate change has substantially impacted crop growth and development in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone. Examination of the response of crop water consumption to climate change may provide a guide for adapting local agricultural production and ecological construction to new realities. The water consumption of three local crops (wheat, naked oats, and potatoes) is examined for Wuchuan County in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone of China using meteorological data from 1960 to 2007 and soil moisture data from 1983 to 2007. The relationships between climate change and the crop water consumption are discussed. The results show that Wuchuan experienced both a warming trend and a reduction of precipitation between 1960 and 2007. The annual mean surface air temperature increased at a rate of 0.04℃ yr-1 and the annual precipitation decreased at a rate of 0.7 mm yr-1 . Both trends are particularly pronounced between 1983 and 2007, with an increase in annual mean temperature of 0.09℃ yr-1 and a decrease in annual mean precipitation of 2.1 mm yr-1 . Crop water consumption decreased between 1983 and 2007 for wheat (1.65 mm yr-1 ), naked oats (2.04 mm yr-1 ), and potatoes (3.85 mm yr-1 ). Potatoes and naked oats consume more water than wheat. Climate change has significantly impacted crop water consumption. Water consumption and rainfall during the growing season are positively correlated, while water consumption and active accumulated temperature are negatively correlated. Compared to precipitation, accumulated temperature has little impact on crop water consumption. Recent climate change has been detrimental for crop production in Wuchuan County. Adaptation to climate change should include efforts to breed drought-resistant crops and to develop drought-resistant cultivation techniques.