饥饿对二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎呼吸和排泄的影响

采用室内实验的方法研究了饥饿对二倍体 (2n)和三倍体(3n)长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的影响。实验饥饿的时间为2,5,8,11,14,23,32d,实验牡蛎的软体部干质量为M2n=0.347g±0.071g;M3n =0.301g±0.099g。实验结果表明 :(1)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～14d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率增大 ,当饥饿14d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降。耗氧率与饥饿时间的关系为:Ro ,2n(mg/(个·h))= -0.08 +0.21T-0.01T2-0.01T3,Ro ,3n(mg/(个·h))= -1.97+0.45T-0.12T2+0.01T3;在饥饿2～5d内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05) ,而饥饿5d以后 ,耗氧率的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) ;(2)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～8d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,其排氨率增加 ,当饥饿8d以后 ,排氨率则逐渐下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的排氨率下降。排氨率与饥饿时间的关系为 :RA ,2n(μg/(个·h))= -16.09 +32.65T-8.11T2 +0.57T3 ,RA ,3n(μg/(个·h))=4.57 +16.07T-5.42T2 +0.44T3 ;在实验的时间范围内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎排氨率的差异达到显著水平 (P<0.05)。     

Estimation of Oxygen Consumption Rate Using T-DO Diagram in the Benthic Layer of Ohmura Bay, Kyushu, Japan

We have observed the temporal variation of oxygen deficient water with short time scale (less than a few days) in the central area of Ohmura Bay, Kyushu, Japan, in summer, 1995 and 1996. The vertical profiles of temperature were similar to those of dissolved oxygen. We noticed a linear relation between temperature and dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer, and applied the T-DO relation to estimate the net oxygen consumption rate, rather than direct evaluation of the advection and diffusion. Oxygen consumption rate just above the bottom was estimated to be about 0.21 g O₂ m^–3day^–1 in July 1995, and about 0.28 g O₂ m^–3day^–1 in August 1996. The net oxygen consumption rate estimated for the bottom layer below the second thermocline was about 0.61 g O₂ m^–3day^–1 with variability from 0.55 to 0.66 g O₂ m^–3day^–1 during July 25 to 29, 1995. This is was about 0.64 g O₂ m^–3day^–1 with variability from 0.18 to 1.4 g O₂ m^–3day^–1 during August 22 to 30, 1996. The net oxygen consumption rates are about half of those measured with a closed system in the Seto Inland Sea.     

Study on consumption efficiency of soil water resources in the Yellow River Basin based on regional <Emphasis Type="Italic">ET</Emphasis> structure

Based on the regional water resources character, the concept of soil water resources is first redefined, and then associated with their transfer relationship in the hydrological cycle, Evapotranspiration (ET)-based consumption structure and consumption efficiency of soil water resources are analyzed. According to ET’s function in productivity, the consumption efficiency of soil water resources is divided into three classes: high efficient consumption from vegetation transpiration, low efficient consumption from soil evaporation among plants with high vegetation coverage and inefficient consumption from soil evaporation among plants with low vegetation coverage and bare soil evaporation. The high efficient and low efficient consumption were further classified as productive consumption. The inefficient consumption is considered non-productive consumption because it is significant in the whole hydrological cycle process. Finally, according to these categories, and employing a WEP-L distributed hydrological model, this paper analyzes the consumption efficiency of soil water resources in the Yellow River Basin. The results show that there are 2078.89×10⁸ m³ soil water resources in the whole basin. From the viewpoint of consumption structure, the soil water resources are comprised of 381.89×10⁸ m³ transpiration consumption from vegetation and 1697.09×10⁸ m³ evaporation consumption from soil among plants and bare soil. From the viewpoint of consumption efficiency, soil water resources are composed of 920.11×10⁸ m³ efficient consumption and 1158.86×10⁸ m³ of inefficient consumption. High efficient consumption accounts for 41.5 percent of the total efficient consumption of the whole basin, low efficient for 58.5 percent. Furthermore, consumption efficiency varies by region. Compared with ET from different land use conditions, the whole basin appears to follow the trend of having the greatest proportion of consumption as inefficient consumption, followed by low efficient consumption, and then the least proportion as high efficient consumption. The amount of inefficient consumption in some regions with vegetation is less than in other regions without vegetation. The amount of inefficient consumption in grasslands is much greater than in forestlands. However, the proportion of low efficient consumption is the greatest in crop fields. The amount of high efficient consumption in grasslands and forelands is similar to the corresponding low efficient consumption. However, the low efficient consumption in grasslands is larger than in the forelands. Therefore, when adjusting the utilization efficiency of soil water resources, vegetation coverage and plant structure should be modulated in terms of the principle of decreasing inefficient consumption, improving low efficiency ET and increasing high efficiency ET according to area character. Supported by the Project of the National 973 Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006CB403404 and G1999043602), the Project of the National Science Research for the 11th Five-Year Plan (Grant No. 2006BAB06B06), and the Innovation Team Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50721006)     

盘海营地区农村住宅的抗震性能调查分析

开展农村民居抗震性能调查是国家防震减灾规划的重要组成部分。本文在对辽宁省盘锦、海城、营口地区农村住宅抗震性能调查工作的基础上,从房屋的结构特点、建造年代分布、房屋的大小等方面进行了详细总结,鉴于该区域结构特点和建造年代具有很强的相关性,给出了该调查区域的农村住宅分类方法。提出基于调查中发现的进深与分类之间的相关性,利用高分辨率卫星图片判读能够在保证准确度的情况下有效降低建立农村房屋存量数据库的成本。最后,本文结合震害中农村民居砌体墙破坏模式及《镇（乡）村建筑抗震技术规程》（2008）指出了盘海营地区农村房屋在抗震方面存在的不足。     

A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR MONITORING STRESS BY TEMPERATURE: MULTICHANNEL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WITH HIGH PRECISION AND LOW POWER CONSUMPTION

Experimental and theoretical researches have confirmed that changes in crustal stress can be monitored by the in situ bedrock temperature. Monitoring stress by temperature requires the high-precision and multi-channel temperature measurement system. We have developed such a system, based on the several refinements. The key parameters on temperature measurement system mainly include:1)the accuracy is better than 1.0mK. At the 99.5%confidence level, the accuracy reaches 0.5mK. This system can be used to detect the change of magnitude of a few tenths to several MPa. The sampling period can be set, depending on remote control. The sampling period is usually set 5 or 15 minutes. 2)A system has up to 20 channels, and commonly uses for 8 or 12 channels. 3)This system has a significant performance in low power consumption. The power is supplied by lead-acid battery with 12 volt. It is at least 2 years that a lead-acid battery, with contents of 120Ah12V, can supply the power for a system with 8 channels. In conclusion, multichannel temperature measurement system with high precision and low power consumption is designed and realized. Specially, the performance in low power consumption is of great significance, which can greatly reduce the maintenance cost after the measurement station is constructed. This temperature measurement system provides a basic technology for monitoring changes in crustal stress with bedrock temperature.     

利用互联网数据建设城市房屋基础信息数据库的初步研究

本文介绍了一种利用互联网数据建设更新城市房屋基础信息数据库的简便方法,并通过实例对实现的基本步骤进行了介绍。其基本步骤为:采集互联网城市房屋信息数据并与地图数据有效融合,可快速地获得城市住宅类房屋的基础数据,将互联网街景地图、遥感卫星图片与专家经验识别相结合,可有效提取大多数公共事业类房屋基础数据,再辅以必要的现场调查补充核实数据,初步建立城市房屋基础信息数据库;采集目标区不同期次的互联网地图进行叠加对比,定位地图中的显著变化区,开展针对性的补充调查,及时更新数据库。通过该方法可高效快捷地建立城市房屋基础信息数据库,并能够实现数据库的持续更新,这为其他城市房屋基础信息数据库的建设提供了一种有益的参考。需要说明的是,数据采集受到互联网数据本身准确度、可靠度及完整度的客观制约,由此建立的数据库其精度受到一定限制。     

Urban fresh water resources consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7×10⁹m³, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026)     

2000—2019年江西省能源消费碳排放变化及其影响因素

基于能源消耗数据,采用IPCC碳核算方法和LMDI分解模型,探讨了2000—2019年江西省一次能源消费碳排放的变化及其主要影响因素,并通过Tapio脱钩模型进一步分析了经济增长与能源碳排放脱钩特征。结果表明：1)一次能源碳排放量整体呈上升趋势,碳排放强度总体呈下降趋势,其中2015年以后碳排放量年均增长速度放缓、碳排放强度下降速度加快。2)对碳排放量增加起促进作用的因素为人口效应、经济产出效应和能源结构效应,其中经济产出效应的作用最为显著;起抑制作用的要素为能源强度效应,能源替代效应不明显。与2000—2015年仅能源强度效应使碳排放量下降的情况不同,2015—2019年能源强度效应、能源替代效应和能源结构效应均使碳排放量下降,其中能源强度效应贡献率比2000—2015年高3倍。3)经济增长与能源消费碳排放量以弱脱钩为主,其中2016—2019年脱钩弹性呈逐渐减小趋势。     

张掖市国民经济用水的投入产出分析

引入投入产出方法作为分析工具,以黑河流域中游的张掖市为例,计算了各产业部门的直接用水系数、完全用水系数、用水乘数以及各产业部门间的水交换系数。计算结果表明：各农业部门虽然使用了大量的水,但是绝大部分水在生产过程中被嵌入农产品,并成为各产业部门间接用水的最主要来源;各工业和服务业部门间接消耗水资源的能力比较强,对本地经济的发展具有一定的拉动作用;在社会经济系统中充分循环本地有限的水资源有助于用水效率的提高。     

Preliminary health risk assessment for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans in seafood from Guangzhou and Zhoushan, China

Dietary intake is one of the important routes of human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The use of PBDEs may also result in exposure to polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/DFs), as these compounds are impurities in technical mixtures of BFRs and can also be formed unintentionally by the same processes that generate chlorinated dioxins. This study determined the concentrations of polybrominated compounds in common seafood in Guangzhou and Zhoushan, and assessed the health risks of these chemicals via consumption of contaminated seafood. Seafood samples (fish, bivalves, shrimp, crab, and cephalopods) purchased from local markets in 2003 and 2004 were analyzed for PBDEs and PBDDs/DFs. The highest concentration of total PBDEs (46.3 ng g⁻¹ lipid wt.) was detected in fish from Guangzhou, in which BDEs 47 and 209 were the two predominant congeners. The total daily intakes of PBDEs, PBDDs, and PBDFs were, 946, 6.39, and 6.54 pg kg⁻¹ body weight (bw) in Guangzhou, and 489, 4.99, and 7.65 pg kg⁻¹ bw in Zhoushan, respectively. The hazard ratios for PBDDs and PBDFs were both greater than unity, indicating that these compounds may pose some health risks to the local population.