SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS OF A NON-HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC HALF-SPACE SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM SURFACE TRACTIONS. PART I: LOADING ON ARBITRARILY SHAPED AREAS

A numerical technique is presented for the analysis of surface displacements of a non-homogeneous elastic half-space subjected to vertical and/or horizontal surface loads uniformly distributed over an arbitrarily shaped area. The non-homogeneity considered is a particular form of power variation of Young's modulus with depth. Since the exponent which determines the degree of non-homogeneity may vary from zero to unity, both the homogeneous half-space and the Gibson soil may be included as limiting cases in a single numerical scheme. In order to account for the arbitrary shape of the loading, the boundary of the loaded area is linearized piecemeal. This enables the modeling of any load pattern according to the desired degree of accuracy. Special attention is focused on the integration scheme, since the singularity associated with the Green's function becomes progressively more pronounced the greater the non-homogeneity parameter gets. The performance of the numerical procedure is studied using analytical solutions for rectangular shaped areas. Further comparisons with well-known solutions based on integral transform techniques for a uniformly distributed load acting on a circular area of the non-homogeneous soil mass show excellent agreement as well. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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Inhomogeneous potentials producing homogeneous orbits

We prove that, in general, a given two-dimensional inhomogeneous potential V(x,y) does not allow for the creation of homogeneous families of orbits. Yet, depending on the case at hand, if the given potential satisfies certain conditions, this potential is compatible either with one (or two) monoparametric homogeneous families of orbits or at most with five such familes. The orbits are then found on the grounds of the given potential.     

均质多面体重磁异常正演计算表达式的一致性

根据重力位、重力异常、磁位和磁异常公式,应用泊松关系,通过严格的公式推导,给出了重力位、重力异常、磁位和磁异常之间的数学关系,从而使重磁异常正演计算表达式包含于简单的规则之中,揭示出均质多面体重磁异常正演理论的一致性。     

Lagrangian Stochastic Models For Turbulent Dispersion In The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

A one-particle three-dimensional stochastic Lagrangian model fortransport of particles in a horizontally-homogeneous atmosphericsurface layer with arbitrary one-point probability density functionof Eulerian velocity fluctuations is suggested. A uniquely definedLagrangian stochastic model in the class of well-mixed models isconstructed from physically plausible assumptions. These assumptionsare: (i) in the neutrally stratified horizontally homogeneous surface layer, the vertical motion is mainly controlled by eddies whose size is of order of the current height; and (ii), the streamwise drift term is independent of the crosswind velocity. Numerical simulations for neutral stratification have shown a good agreement of our model with the well-known Thomson's model, with Flesch and Wilson's model, and with experimental measurements as well. However there is a discrepancy of these results with the results obtained by Reynolds' model.     

非均质基础与结构共同作用的随机动力反应分析

假定基础的剪切模量随深度呈线性变化,并引入结构微分算子,利用连续线性系统的随机振动理论,研究了非均质基础地震的动力反应问题。将上部结构简化为多自由度体系,将基础简化为一剪切梁,分析了基础与结构共同作用的随机地震反应。通过进一步分析,得到了基础与结构的地震随机反应及平稳输入时土层最大位移的动力可靠性分析参数。采用模态叠加法进行反应分析,与普通的分离变量法相比较,此方法概念明确、步骤简单。     

Density Calculation for NaCl-H2O Solutions in the Liquid-Solid Two-Phase Field in NaCl-H2O Three-Phase Inclusions

Three-phase NaCl-H₂O fluid inclusions featuring halite dissolution temperature（Tm）higher than vapor bubble disappearance temperature（T_h） are commonly observed in porphyry copper/molybdenum deposits,skarn-type deposits and other magmatic- hydrothermal ore deposits.Based on |ΔV₁|（the absolute value of volume variation of NaCl-H₂O solution in a heating or cooling process of inclusions）= |ΔV_s|（the absolute value of volume variation of the halite crystal in a heating or cooling process of inclusions） and on the principle of conservation of the mass of NaCl and H₂O,we systematically calculated the densities of NaCl-H₂O solutions in the solid-liquid two-phase field for temperatures（T_h） from 0.1℃ to 800℃ and salinities from 26.3 wt%to 99.2wt%.Consequently for the first time we obtained the upper limit of the density of NaCI-H₂O solutions in the solid-liquid twophase field for T_bm inclusions with variant salinities.The results indicate that for inclusions of the T_hm type with the same T_h,the higher the T_m or salinity is,the higher the density of the NaClsaturated solution will be.If a group of fluid inclusions were homogeneously trapped,they must have the same T_h value and the same T_m or salinity value.This may be used to distinguish homogeneous,inhomogeneous,and multiple entrapments of fluid inclusions.     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations in non‐homogeneous soils

A simplified method of numerical analysis based on elasticity theory has been developed for the analysis of axially and laterally loaded piled raft foundations embedded in non‐homogeneous soils and incorporated into a computer program “PRAB”. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are approximated based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces with consideration of non‐homogeneous soils. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles, pile groups and capped pile groups in non‐homogeneous soils. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of axially and laterally loaded 4‐pile pile groups and 4‐pile piled rafts embedded in finite homogeneous and non‐homogeneous soil layers are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite element analysis. Good agreement between the present approach and the more rigorous finite element approach is demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reducing landscape heterogeneity for improved land use and land cover (LULC) classification across the large and complex Ethiopian highlands

This paper presents a land use and land cover (LULC) classification approach that accounts landscape heterogeneity. We addressed this challenge by subdividing the study area into more homogeneous segments using several biophysical and socio-economic factors as well as spectral information. This was followed by unsupervised clustering within each homogeneous segment and supervised class assignment. Two classification schemes differing in their level of detail were successfully applied to four landscape types of distinct LULC composition. The resulting LULC map fulfills two major requirements: (1) differentiation and identification of several LULC classes that are of interest at the local, regional, and national scales, and (2) high accuracy of classification. The approach overcomes commonly encountered difficulties of classifying second-level classes in large and heterogeneous landscapes. The output of the study responds to the need for comprehensive LULC data to support ecosystem assessment, policy formulation, and decision-making towards sustainable land resources management.     

张家湾水库大坝的渗流和稳定分析

以张家湾水库大坝为例,运用有限单元法对除险加固后均质土坝的渗流进行分析计算,同时运用瑞典圆弧滑动法和简化Bishop法对均质土坝的坝体稳定进行分析计算,在此基础上对水库大坝进行了渗流安全评价和稳定安全评价.